What are the tests to confirm the diagnosis of tuberculosis?

Patients with suspected tuberculosis usually have the following tests done when they arrive at the hospital:

1.PPD skin test or blood anti-tuberculosis antibody test: a strong positive PPD skin test is considered to have a recent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

2.Chest X-ray and chest CT: to determine whether there is pulmonary tuberculosis and mediastinal lymph node tuberculosis, which is helpful for differential diagnosis and lung cancer.

3.Sputum examination: sputum smear or collection of bacteria to find acid-fast bacteria, sputum tuberculosis culture and drug susceptibility test, the purpose is to find the pathogen (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), drug susceptibility test results can indicate whether it is drug-resistant tuberculosis, that is, which drug ** may be effective, which drug may be ineffective.

4.Flexible bronchoscopy: Flexible bronchoscopy is required when the patient has a severe cough, the distribution of intrapulmonary lesions is spread along the bronchi, or the pulmonary lesions need to be differentiated from other diseases such as lung cancer.

5 When it is necessary to distinguish the diagnosis from pneumonia, anti-inflammatory therapy is required, and the chest x-ray or chest CT is repeated two weeks after anti-inflammatory therapy.

6 If the diagnosis of intrapulmonary disease cannot be confirmed by the above examinations, a lung biopsy is also required.

There are basically so many tests for tuberculosis.

The first is a chest X-ray or CT scan.

Generally speaking, chest X-ray can make a diagnosis of more obvious pulmonary tuberculosis, and the common X-ray manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis include: fibrous calcifications, multimorphological lesions, cavitary formation, site specificity, etc., but it should be reminded that there is a certain possibility of missing the diagnosis of chest X-ray; Therefore, at this time, it is recommended that you can do chest CT examination, because chest CT is tomography, there is generally no missed diagnosis, and the specificity of diagnosis is also very high, so it can be said to be an indispensable examination method for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis.

Chest CT can determine the location of pulmonary tuberculosis, the extent of involvement, and at the same time can judge whether the lesion has progressed, whether it has an effect, whether the tuberculosis is old, etc., so whether it is a diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis or a follow-up review of tuberculosis population, chest CT is a very important method.

The second is to check the patient's sputum.

It mainly includes sputum smear, sputum tuberculosis culture, and molecular biology examination. The main purpose of these tests is to detect the presence of pathogens (also known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the sputum. If Mycobacterium tuberculosis is detected in the sputum, the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis can be definitively established, which is also the gold standard diagnosis.

Then there is the serological test.

In recent years, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been carried out in many places to detect tuberculosis antibodies, and PCR has been used to detect mycobacteria, and the effect is also very good.

1. What tests should be done for tuberculosis patients? X-rays.

1) Primary tuberculosis: exudative flocculent blurred shadow in the early stage, and the density increases when caseating changes. In lymphangitis, one or more cord-like shadows protruding from the lesion to the hilum may be seen.

2) Acute hematogenous disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis, miliary shadows with uniform distribution in both lung fields and similar density and size can be seen.

3) Secondary tuberculosis is complex, or cloud-like, or spotted, patchy nodules. Caseating lesions are densely elevated and uneven. In pulmonary tuberculosis cavities, a transparent area with annular boundaries can be seen, and occasionally shallow fluid levels can be seen. Tuberculous pleurisy is seen in pleuritic nodes.

2. What tests should be done for tuberculosis patients? Chest CT scan: useful for occult lesions and for differentiation of solitary nodules.

3. Activity judgment: used for the evaluation of **

1) Active phase: X-ray shows exudative and exudative hyperplastic lesions, caseating pneumonia, caseous foci and cavitation.

Sputum positive active tuberculosis, contagious.

Sputum negative and x-ray showing active lesions is non-infectious.

2) Stable period: the lesion is inactive, and the sputum bacteria are negative for more than 6 months, or although there are cavities, the sputum bacteria are negative for 1 year.

The gold standard for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis is a positive sputum culture, that is, tuberculosis bacteria are found in the sputum, or bronchoscopy biopsy finds tuberculosis bacteria. If there are typical symptoms of tuberculosis poisoning, chest x-ray or CT is very typical of tuberculosis, and there is rapid erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the PPD skin test is strong, tuberculosis can be basically diagnosed

For tuberculosis testing, different tests can be selected depending on the purpose of the examination. For example, if it is to determine whether tuberculosis is infectious, it can be sent for testing for acid-fast bacilli at night, smear for examination under a microscope, or sputum for culture of tuberculosis bacilli. Or a drug susceptibility test may be done at the same time to see which drugs Mycobacterium tuberculosis is sensitive to.

If you want to know if you are active, you can check for inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate. If the size, location, and severity of the tuberculosis lesion are determined, a chest x-ray or CT examination may be done.

Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis can go to the hospital for sputum tuberculosis, tuberculin test, specific antibody measurement, imaging tests, and white blood cell count. If tuberculosis is detected, it can be relieved with anti-tuberculosis drugs, such as isoniazid, rifampicin or streptomycin, under the guidance of a doctor.

Blood tests, sputum smear, sputum culture, specific nucleic acid testing, tuberculin test, serological diagnosis, x-ray, CT, and flexible bronchoscopy are required. Tuberculosis refers to an infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis that occurs in the lung tissue, trachea, bronchi, and pleura. Early diagnosis, early **, and a good prognosis for most patients.

1. The examination of sputum tuberculosis bacteria is simple and easy, and the accuracy is high, and the tuberculosis bacteria can be diagnosed by detecting tuberculosis bacteria in the sputum. Generally, three sputum specimens are examined at the initial visit, i.e., nocturnal sputum, early morning sputum, and immediate sputum. It is a diagnosis of tuberculosis though"Gold indicator", but the low positivity rate is a fly in the ointment.

2. Sputum tuberculosis culture, the results are highly reliable, and can do tuberculosis drug susceptibility test, when the patient's sputum smear test is negative, when further diagnosis is needed, if the sputum culture is positive, the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis can be confirmed. There are also some patients who need to undergo tuberculosis type identification and drug susceptibility test after the failure of antagonistic drugs**, and at this time, sputum culture test should also be performed.

3. Chest X-ray examination can not only detect pulmonary tuberculosis earlier, but also determine the location, nature and scope of the lesion, understand the incidence of the disease and judge the effect of the disease, so the chest X-ray examination segment is very important for pulmonary tuberculosis.

4. Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis also need to undergo chest CT examination, because chest CT has complementary diagnostic value for chest X-ray.

Chest CT scan can reveal lesions in occult areas of the chest, including tracheal and bronchial lesions; early detection of miliary shadows in the lungs; diagnosis of difficult mass opacities, cavities, isolated chain nodules, and infiltrate opacities and differential diagnosis; Understand the enlargement of hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes, and distinguish mediastinal lymph node tuberculosis from tumors; detection of small pleural effusions, enveloped effusions, interlobar effusions, and other pleural lesions; Differentiation of cysts from solid masses, etc.

1) Bacteriological examination:

1) Sputum smear examination: sputum smear examination is simple and easy, and at present, tuberculosis prevention and control institutions at or above the county level in China, including some township sputum inspection points, have carried out free sputum smear examination for patients with suspicious symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis. China's tuberculosis prevention and control program requires all patients with cough, sputum production for 3 weeks, or hemoptysis or bloody sputum sputum microscopy to undergo sputum smear.

2) Sputum Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture, the results are highly credible, and can do tuberculosis drug susceptibility test, but ordinary culture takes 6-8 weeks, rapid culture has higher requirements for equipment, and is more expensive.

2) Molecular biology examination.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sensitivity can reach 98% to 100%, but false positives are common.

3) Immunological examination.

1) The tuberculin test is commonly used, and a positive test is one of the evidence of infection with tuberculosis bacteria. It has certain auxiliary significance in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in children.

2) A positive serum test for anti-tuberculosis antibodies is also helpful in diagnosis.

4) X-ray examination.

It can determine the location, nature and scope of the lesion, understand the onset of the disease and use it to judge the best effect, but the accuracy of the diagnosis is largely determined by the doctor's level. Chest CT can detect small or hidden lesions and can compensate for the shortcomings of general x-rays.

At present, in China, tuberculosis prevention and control institutions are conducting free chest X-ray examinations for patients with suspicious symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis.

5) Other examinations.

1) Fiber bronchoscopy: tracheal and bronchial lesions can be directly observed, and combined with biopsy pathological examination, it is helpful for diagnosis and differential diagnosis.

2) Ultrasound: mainly used for the localization of lesions.

Tuberculosis is a common infectious disease that can be spread through the air as well as through contact.

Tuberculosis screening is very important because it helps us to detect the disease early, so that it can be early**.

First of all, the patient needs to have a comprehensive physical examination, including blood tests, X-rays, CT scans of the lungs, etc.

Blood tests can detect the presence of tuberculosis bacilli in the blood, X-rays can detect the presence of tuberculosis lesions in the lungs, and CT tests of the lungs can detect the presence of tuberculosis lesions in the lungs more clearly.

In addition, patients can also have a sputum examination to detect the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the patient's sputum.

Sputum examination can help us more accurately determine whether a patient has tuberculosis.

Finally, patients can also have a tuberculin** test to detect whether the patient has an immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The tuberculin** test is a commonly used test that can help us more accurately determine whether a patient has tuberculosis.

In summary, the tests for pulmonary tuberculosis include blood tests, X-ray tests, CT tests of the lungs, sputum tests, and tuberculin** tests.

These tests can help us to more accurately determine whether a patient has tuberculosis, so that the condition can be detected early, so that it can be early**.

Therefore, patients should have regular tuberculosis check-ups to ensure early detection of the disease and thus early**.