What reactions do not take place in the mitochondria of the cell

Mitochondria are tiny productive structures within cells that are sometimes referred to as power factories or batteries. What is mitochondrial DNA?

A large amount of DNA on 46 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus comes half from the father and half from the mother. But there are also a small part, such as the 37 genes that exist in the mitochondria, which are inherited from the mother almost without exception.

What is a mitochondrial defect?

Mitochondrial DNA mutations can cause a variety of lesions. Some are less serious, but many are very serious, including various epilepsy, cancer, diabetes, heart disease, muscle problems, kidney disease, liver disease, deafness and blindness.

What is the probability of mitochondrial defects?

The probability of mitochondrial defects in newborns is 1 200, but the probability of severe, hereditary defects is much lower, accounting for about 1 6 500 in neonatesThey are passed from mother to child, and sometimes, the mother may not be sick from the defect, but the child may be sick.

How** or prevent?

In fact, it is simply impossible to prevent and it is very difficult**. Existing** is generally limited to how to reduce symptoms.

What is the latest research?

Scientists took chromosomes from the nucleus of one monkey's egg cell and implanted it into the egg cell of another monkey while removing the latter's nucleus. It was found that the new DNA draws nutrients like a virus, and the combined egg cell has chromosomal DNA from one monkey and mitochondrial DNA from another.

What happens after the egg is conceived?

After the modification, more than 90% of the egg cells were successfully conceived, and 60% were successfully implanted into the uterus. For this kind of research, the success rate is still very high. Four monkey fetuses fertilized in this way were born healthy, all with nuclear DNA from one female and mitochondrial DNA from another.

How does this study help families with mitochondrial diseases?

Once a woman discovers that she may have a mitochondrial disease, or has already given birth to a child with a mitochondrial disease, she can modify her egg cells accordingly. Defective mitochondria can be effectively replaced by mitochondria from donor healthy egg cells before fertilization.

Mitochondria are just the 2nd and 3rd steps of aerobic respiration, providing energy for cellular life activities! Because there is DNA in it, there will also be gene duplication. Other life activities, such as protein making, are not involved.

Summary. 2. Synthesis of hemoglobin p4041.Heme biosynthesis.

The basic raw materials for synthetic raw materials are glycine, succinyl COA, and Fe"。The initiation and terminal stages of synthesis are carried out intrachondria, while the intermediate stages take place in the cytoplasm. There are four steps to the reaction, and you only need to understand the first step.

Step 1: In the first partichondria, ALA synthase catalyzes the condensation of succinyl COA and glycine into hya-amino-y-ketovaleric acid (ALA). This enzyme is the rate-limiting enzyme of heme synthesis, and the coenzyme is pyridoxal phosphate, which is regulated by the feedback of heme.

Heme is produced and transported from the mitochondria to the cytosol, where it binds to globin to form hemoglobin in the nucleated red blood cells and reticulocytes of the bone.

Conditioning: Mainly lies in the regulation of the ALA synthesis step.

Regulation of ALA synthase: regulated by allosteric negative feedback of heme, heme can also inhibit the synthesis of ALA synthase. Pyridoxal phosphate is its procogroup, and vitamin B deficiency also affects heme synthesis.

If the rate of heme synthesis is greater than that of globin, it will cause heme to accumulate and oxidize to methemoheme, which has a strong inhibitory effect on ALA synthase. Certain sterol hormones promote heme synthesis. Cytochrome P450 is required for the transformation of many substances that biotransform in the liver, such as carcinogens, agents, and pesticides, and its cosmetic group is an iron porphyrin compound, which can also lead to an increase in hepatic ALA synthase.

Hello, the answer to this question should be heme.

Is there anything else. 2. Synthesis of hemoglobin p4041.

Biosynthesis of heme The basic raw materials for the synthesis of raw materials are glycine, succinyl CoA, and Fe"。The initiation and terminal stages of synthesis are carried out intrachondria, while the intermediate stages take place in the cytoplasm. There are four steps in the reaction, and you only need to understand the first step Step 1:

**Intrachondria, ALA synthase catalyzes the condensation of succinyl Coa and glycine into h1-amino-y-ketovaleric acid (AA). This enzyme is the rate-limiting enzyme of heme synthesis, and the coenzyme is pyridoxal phosphate, which is regulated by the feedback of heme. Heme is produced and transported from the mitochondria to the cytosol, where it binds to globin to form hemoglobin in the nucleated red blood cells and reticulocytes of the bone.

Regulation: Mainly lies in the regulation of ALA synthesis steps Regulation of ALA synthase: regulated by allosteric negative feedback of hemomodel oakenin, heme can also inhibit the synthesis of ALA synthase.

Pyridoxal phosphate has a cosyllabic group with a wide code, and vitamin B deficiency also affects heme synthesis. If the rate of heme synthesis is greater than that of globin, it will cause heme to accumulate and oxidize to methemoheme, which has a strong inhibitory effect on ALA synthase. Certain sterol hormones promote heme synthesis.

Cytochrome P450 is required for the transformation of many substances that biotransform in the liver, such as carcinogens, agents, and pesticides, and its cosmetic group is an iron porphyrin compound, which can also lead to an increase in hepatic ALA synthase.

You can fill in heme.

A: Select C. Analysis:

The aerobic oxidation of glucose is carried out first in the cytoplasm. b Oxidative breakdown of glycerol in the hepatic cytoplasm. In the C pair, the enzyme system that catalyzes the oxidative decomposition of fatty acids is present in the mitochondrial matrix, so the activated fatty acyl CoA must enter the mitochondria to be metabolized.

Long-chain fatty acyl CoA cannot directly penetrate the inner mitochondrial membrane and relies on a special transport mechanism to transport them into the mitochondria. Item d is performed first in the cytoplasm.

Mitochondria. It is mainly used to decompose pyruvate, an organic substance from the bridge hailstone, to produce energy and synthesize ATP.

The reactions are mainly cellular respiration! There is an electron transport chain of aerobic breath respiration and a citric acid cycle.

Or copy and transcribe by yourself, translate and combine ATP, component solution, etc.! It's usually a chemical reaction!

Mitochondria can provide a site for the life activities of the cell, and are the main site for oxidative phosphorylation and the formation of ATP in the cell"Power Plant"(power plant). In addition, mitochondria have their own DNA and genetic system, but the mitochondrial genome has a limited number of genes, so mitochondria are only semi-autonomous organelles.

Mitochondria are the organs that produce energy in cells, and the scientific community has also given mitochondria an alias called "power house", that is, the power plant of the cell.

Although mitochondria can also synthesize proteins, their ability to synthesize them is limited. Among the more than 1,000 kinds of mitochondrial proteins, only a dozen are synthesized by themselves. Mitochondrial ribosomal proteins, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, and many structural proteins are all encoded by nuclear genes, synthesized in the cytoplasm, and then directed to the mitochondria, so mitochondria are called semi-autonomous organelles.

Mitochondria are the main sites of cellular aerobic respiration, which are mainly divided into three stages: a. The first stage: in the matrix of the cytoplasm, a molecule of glucose.

Pyruvate is broken down into two molecules, and 4 [H]enzymes are removed at the same time; In the process of glucose decomposition, a small amount of energy is released, and part of the energy is used to synthesize ATP, producing a small amount of ATP. Reaction formula: C6H12O6 enzyme 2 pyruvate + 4 [H] + a small amount of energy.

b. The second stage: pyruvate enters the matrix of mitochondria, two molecules of pyruvate and 6 water molecules.

All the hydrogen in the water is removed from the key sail, and a total of 20 [h] are removed, and the acetone is oxidized and decomposed into carbon dioxide.

A small amount of energy is released in this process, part of which is used to synthesize ATP, producing a small amount of energy. Reaction formula: 2 pyruvate + 6H2O enzyme 20 [H] + 6CO2 + small amount of energy.

The 6 O2s produced are combined into water; In this process, a large amount of energy is released, and part of this energy is used to synthesize ATP, producing a large amount of energy. Reaction formula: 24[H]+6O2 enzyme 12H2O+ a lot of energy.

Postgraduate entrance examination questions for master's degree studies.

Explanation of nouns (4 marks per question, 40 marks in total).

1.Divisional salting out 2Covalent modification regulation 3

Michaelis equation 4Code Chain 5- Oxidation 6

Operon 7Ornithine Cycle 8Signal peptide 10

Gluconeogenesis 2 True or False, use "+" to indicate right, and "-" to indicate false. (1 point per question, 20 points in total) 1( Proteins and peptides in nature are made up of L-type amino acids.

2.( A protein sample is acid-hydrolyzed, and all its amino acids can be accurately determined with an automatic amino acid analyzer. 3 ( The main charged group of most amino acids is composed of an amino group at its N-terminus and a carboxyl group at its C-terminus.

4.( The reduced solubility of denatured proteins is caused by the neutralization of the charge of the protein molecules and the removal of the hydration layer outside the protein.

5.(The pH of the solution can affect the isoelectric point of amino acids.)

If the base sequence of one strand of DNA is pcptpgpgppapc, the base order of the other strand is pgpapcptpg

8.(Hydrolysis of nucleic acids with alkali yields a mixture of 2' and 3'-nucleotides.) 9.

mRNA is the most diverse and abundant RNA in cells. 10.( Eukaryotes mature with free 3'-OH at both ends.

11.For reversible reactions, enzymes can change both the positive and reverse reaction rates. 12.(The chemical nature of enzymes is proteins.)

13.The rate of the enzyme reaction is generally expressed in terms of the amount of substrate reduction per unit of time.

14.Hexokinase isolated from mouse brain can act on glucose (km=6 10-6 mol l) or fructose (km=2 10-3 mol l). The affinity of several sugar kinases for fructose is higher.

15.( When [s]>>km, v tends to vmax, and at this point v can only be increased by increasing [e]. 16.

The positive synergistic effect makes the enzymatic reaction increasingly sensitive to changes in substrate concentration. 17.(NADH dehydrogenase is a general term for dehydrogenases with NAD+ as a coenzyme.)

18 ( The direction of electron flow in the respiratory chain is from the high standard redox potential to the low standard redox potential. 19.Antimycin A can block the formation of ATP during the oxidation of isocitrate, but not the formation of ATP during the oxidation of succinic acid.

The pentose phosphate pathway occurs mainly in the ** granula, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle of gluconeogenesis occurs in the chondria and cytosol. Since pyruvate carboxylase is only present in mitochondria, pyruvate in the cytosol must enter the mitochondria in order to carboxylation to oxaloacetate.

Summary. Incorrect. Mitochondria is a special structure inside the cell, which has a unique structure and function, and its internal environment is very different from other structures within the cell.

Mitochondria have a bilayer membrane inside and this bilayer membrane is very selective, it can block some substances from entering the mitochondria and also prevent some substances from leaving the mitochondria. Therefore, the substances inside the cell cannot enter and exit the mitochondria at will.

Incorrect. Mitochondria is a special structure within the cell, which has a unique structure and function, and its internal environment is very different from other patting structures within the cell. There is a double membrane inside the mitochondria, and this grinding double membrane has a very strong selective travel ability, which can prevent some substances from entering the mitochondria and also preventing some substances from leaving the mitochondria.

Therefore, the substances inside the cell cannot enter and exit the mitochondria at will.

Fellow, I really didn't understand, I can be more specific.

Incorrect. Mitochondria is a special structure inside the cell, which has a unique membrane structure that prevents the substances inside the cell from entering and leaving at will. The mitochondrial membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer in which the spine contains many proteins that control the entry and exit of intracellular substances.

Substances within the mitochondria can only enter and exit through specific transporters that can transfer material from within the cell to the mitochondria, or material from the mitochondria to the cell. If the transporter is damaged, the substances in the cell cannot enter the mitochondria and cannot come out of the mitochondria, which will lead to the accumulation of substances in the cell, which will affect the normal function of the cell. To understand this problem, it is possible to restore the normal flow and exit of intracellular substances by improving the function of transporters.

In addition, it can improve the entry and exit of intracellular substances by improving the nutritional status of cells, increasing intracellular active substances, and improving intracellular redox status. Personal tip: The entry and exit of intracellular substances is an important part of the normal function of cells, therefore, we should pay attention to maintaining the nutritional status of cells, increasing the active substances in cells, and improving the redox state in cells to maintain the normal entry and exit of intracellular substances.