Ancient Chinese astronomers, information on the four great astronomers of ancient China

1.Zhang Heng (78-139 AD) achievements: a great scientist, writer, inventor and politician, created the world's first leaky armillary sphere that can perform celestial phenomena more accurately, the first instrument to test the first - wind and ground motion instrument, and also made a guide car, an automatic drum car, a wooden bird that flies for miles, and so on.

2.Zu Chongzhi (429-500 AD) was an outstanding mathematician and astronomer in ancient China, who developed the method of finding between and ingenious methods to solve the calculation of the volume of the sphere and invented the "circumcision" 3Gander, an astronomer of the Warring States period.

After a long period of astronomical observations, Gander and Shi Shen each wrote a book on astronomy. Later generations combined these two works and called them "Ganshi Xingjing", which is the earliest astronomical work in the world. 4.

Jia Kui (30 101) was an astronomer and economist in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Firstly, it is proposed that the motion of the sun and the moon should be measured according to the ecliptic in the calendar calculation, and it is found that the motion of the moon is unequal. The ancient astronomers who wrote "Spring and Autumn Zuo's Interpretation" and "Chinese Interpretation" are much older, and our Chinese lord Boha, hehe.

Typing is not easy, such as satisfaction, hope.

Zhang Heng and Qianlong had a penchant for watching celestial phenomena.

1. Zhang Heng: Born in 78 A.D., died in 139, the word Pingzi, a native of Nanyang and Xi'e, served as Shangshu and Hejian equal. He was a great scientist, writer, inventor and political macrologist in the Eastern Han Dynasty of the Jian Kingdom, and he erected a towering monument in the history of world science and culture.

2. Shi Shen: A native of Wei, an astronomer and astrologer in the middle of the Warring States period. The positions of stars near the ecliptic and their distances from the North Pole, which he and Gander measured and recorded with precision, are the world's oldest catalog of stars.

3. Guo Shoujing: Born in the third year of Yuan Taizong and died in the second year of Yuan Renzong, he was a great astronomer, mathematician, water conservancy expert and instrument manufacturer in the Yuan Dynasty of China. The word Ruosi, Shunde Xingtai people inherited their grandfather Guo Rong's family learning, and studied astronomy, arithmetic, and water.

1, Zhang Heng.

The Eastern Han Dynasty astronomer Zhang Heng (78-139, fig. 1) showed extraordinary talent and extensive knowledge in mathematics, geography, and literature from an early age. During his tenure as Taishi Ling, he presided over the observation of celestial phenomena, the compilation of calendars, the observation of weather, and the regulation of bell rhythms (measurement and sound rhythms). Zhang Heng made two important contributions to astronomy, namely the publication of the work "Lingxian" and the production of the armillary sphere.

In the "Lingxian", it is recorded that the diameter of the sun and moon angles is "one-seven hundred and thirty-sixth, and one-half of the width of the earth" for the entire celestial circumference. "One in seven hundred and thirty-six", which is 29 in modern universal angle units'21", so that the angular diameter of the sun and moon should be 29'"。This is only 2 different from the results of modern astronomical measurements'Around.

2, Zu Chongzhi.

Zu Chongzhi (429-500, fig. 2), a mathematician and astronomer of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, found that there were large errors in the Yuanjia Calendar used in the past after years of observation and calculation. So Zu Chongzhi began to formulate a new calendar, and in 462 A.D. compiled the "Great Ming Calendar". It was officially promulgated and implemented in 510 AD.

3, Zhang Sui. Tang Dynasty astronomer Zhang Sui (673-727 AD, fig. 3) went to Chang'an as a young man to study astronomy and mathematics and became a famous scholar. In order to revise the calendar, measure the position of the sun, moon and stars in their orbits and grasp the laws of their motion, he improved Zhang Heng's "armillary sphere" and created the "armillary bronze sphere". He used the "Armillary Bronze Instrument" and the "Zodiacal Traveling Instrument" to directly measure the coordinates of the sun, moon, and stars in orbit when observing celestial phenomena.

He deduced that stars on celestial bodies were moving, more than a thousand years before the British astronomer Halley (1656-1742 AD).

4, Guo Shoujing.

The Yuan Dynasty astronomer and mathematician Guo Shoujing (1231-1316, Fig. 4) remeasured the astronomical data in the chronological calendar, and his reform of astronomical calculation methods can be summarized into two points: First, the comprehensive use of interpolation method to calculate the triple difference, that is, the so-called "stacking trick". The second is the introduction of the spherical right-angled triangle method, that is, the so-called "vertical ratio quantity". On the left side of Figure 5 is the astronomical observation instrument "Jianyi" developed by Guo Shoujing.

5, Sima Qian.

Since ancient times, solar and lunar eclipses have been considered to be an unchangeable celestial phenomenon. According to the lunar eclipses of the past dynasties, Sima Qian concluded that there is a periodic law in the occurrence of lunar eclipses. For the first time in Chinese history, he presented data on a feeding cycle.

The Records of the Heavenly Officials says: "The first day of the lunar eclipse is six in May, five in June, six in May, one in June, five in May, five in May, and one in the thirteenth month. Therefore, the lunar eclipse is often also.

The figures in this passage are contradictory due to errors that have been passed down for thousands of years, but the fact that the lunar eclipse is regular and that the lunar eclipse is a normal celestial phenomenon is very clearly described.

The four great astronomers of ancient China were:

1. Shi Shen, a Shi Shenfu, a native of Wei, an astronomer and astrologer in the middle of the Warring States period, born and died in an unknown year, and lived in the 4th century BC. He is the author of eight volumes of "Astronomy" (after the Western Han Dynasty, this book was respected as "Shi's Star Classic"), "Armillary Atlas" and so on. The Ganshi Star Sutra occupies an important place in the history of astronomy in China and the world.

Shi Shen systematically observed the movements of the five planets of metal, wood, water, fire, and earth, discovered the laws of their appearance, recorded their names, and determined the positions of 121 stars, and the data were used by astronomers of later generations. After long-term observation and detailed assessment, 138 stars and 810 stars were measured. The chart made by him and the Chu people based on the position of stars near the ecliptic and their distance from the North Pole is the earliest stellar catalog discovered in the world so far, and occupies a special place in the history of world astronomy.

2. Zhang Heng (78-139 AD), the name Pingzi, a native of Nanyang Xi'e (now Xia Village, Shiqiao Town, Nanyang City, Henan Province), was a great astronomer, mathematician, inventor, geographer, and writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty of China. In astronomy, he is the author of "Lingxian" and "Armillary Illustration". He has made outstanding contributions to the development of Chinese astronomy, mechanical technology and science, invented the armillary sphere and geokinetic sphere, and is one of the representatives of the armillary theory in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

3. Zu Chongzhi (429-500 AD) was a native of Laiyuan County, Hebei Province during the Northern and Southern Dynasties of China. Zu Chong studied natural sciences all his life, and his main contributions were mathematics, astronomical calendars, and mechanical engineering. On the basis of the precise method of exploring pi pioneered by Liu Hui, he for the first time actuarially calculated "pi" to the seventh decimal place, that is, between and , and the "ancestral rate" he proposed made a significant contribution to the study of mathematics.

It wasn't until the 16th century that the Arab mathematician Al Qasi broke this record. The "Da Ming Calendar" written by him was the most scientific and progressive calendar at that time, and provided the correct method for the astronomical research of later generations. His main works include "Anbian Treatise", "Fixation", "Narrative of Differences", "Calendar Discussion" and so on.

4. Guo Shoujing (1231-1316), a famous astronomer, mathematician, water conservancy expert and instrument manufacturing expert in the Yuan Dynasty. Guo Shoujing's astronomical calendar works include 14 kinds of astronomical calendar works, including "Tuibu", "Licheng", "Draft of the Calendar", "Ritual and Elephant Method", "Upper, Middle and Lower Three Calendar Notes" and "The Source of the Calendar", with a total of 105 volumes.