How are numbers generated, and how are numbers generated?

Do you know how numbers are created?

The concepts that have gradually emerged in the labor and distribution of human beings are at first expressed in the form of knots and the like, and then become words.

According to the evidence provided by archaeologists, humans have adopted some kind of counting method more than 5,000 years ago.

The concept of number was born in primitive times, and in order to make ends meet, they had to go out every day to hunt and gather fruits. Sometimes they return with a load, sometimes they get nothing; Sometimes there is a surplus of food, and sometimes there is not enough to eat.

This change in number and quantity in life has gradually made human beings have the consciousness of number. At that time, they begin to understand the difference between being and not being, more and less, and then the difference between one and many. And then from many to many.

The formation of the concept of individual numbers such as the second and third grades is a big leap forward.

In the early days of the development of human society, people did not use numbers to represent the number of objects, but used the method of one-to-one correspondence to compare. For example, hunting often pairs ** with hunters one by one (one for each person). For another example, when the herdsman goes out to graze the sheep in the morning, he often uses the method of one-to-one correspondence between the stone horse and the sheep to check the number of sheep; When they come back at night, they use the same method to check whether the sheep are lost, and after this long-term practice, human beings have gradually formed the concept of "more" and "less".

With the development of production and the increase of exchange, people have repeatedly used standard sets to represent how much they have for generations.

Do you know how numbers are created?

1.The generation of numbers.

A long time ago, people had the need to count in productive labor. For example, when people go out hunting, they have to count how many people have gone out and how many pieces they have taken; When you come back, you have to count how many beasts you have caught, etc., so that you can count.

2.Generation of counting symbols and counting methods.

In ancient times, people had the need to count, but they didn't know how to use it at first.

One, two, three......These are numerals to count the number of objects. Just know "just as much", "more" or "less". At that time, people could only count with the help of other objects, such as placing small stones on the ground, carving paths in wooden sticks, and tying knots in ropes.

For example, when you go out to graze, you will put a stone for every sheep that is released, and as many small stones as there are sheep that go out. When grazing returns, these small stones and sheep are matched one by one, if the number of sheep coming back is the same as the small stones, it means that the sheep are not lost during grazing. For example, when you go out hunting, for every piece you take, you will carve one on the wooden stick, and how many pieces you take will be carved on the wooden stick; When you come back from hunting, you will take back the ** and the road engraved on the wooden stick one by one, to see if there are as many ** and carved as the road, if so, it means that ** is not lost. The same is true for knotted rope counting.

The basic idea of these counts is to correspond the objects to be counted to the objects to be counted to the objects used to count one by one, which is now called one-to-one correspondence. Later, with the development of language, number words gradually appeared, and with the development of writing, some counting symbols, that is, the first numbers, were invented. The notation varies from country to country.

Arabic numerals, in fact, were not invented by the Arabs, but by the Indians, around the eighth century AD, from India to Arabia, and in the twelfth century AD from Arabia to Europe, people mistakenly believe that these numbers were invented by the Arabs, and later called "Arabic numerals". With the development of society, people have more and more exchanges, but the mathematics of each region is different, and it is very inconvenient to communicate, and it will gradually unify into the current Arabic numerals. Later, human beings' understanding of numbers gradually increased, and the number recognition became larger and larger, if each number was represented by a different number, it was very inconvenient and unnecessary, so the carry system was produced.

Ancient decimal system, as well as decimal twelve, sexagesimal and so on. Due to the convenience of decimal counting, the decimal system will be adopted uniformly in the future.

Generation of numbers: The first tools used by humans to count were fingers and toes, but they could only represent numbers up to 20. When the number was large, most primitive people used pebbles and beans to count.

Gradually, people were not satisfied with the counting of grains, and invented the method of tying knots and carving counts, and carved counts on animal skins, animal bones, trees, and stones. In ancient China, small sticks made of wood, bamboo, or bone were used to keep counts, which were called arithmetic chips. These notation methods and notations slowly became the earliest numeric symbols (numbers).

Nowadays, countries around the world use Arabic numerals as standard numbers.

There are several types of numbers, with Arabic numerals being the most prevalent. Arabic numerals were not invented by Arabs but by Indians, and should actually be listed as Indian languages, but they were first transmitted to Arabia and then to the world, so they are called "Arabic numerals".

The generation of numbers: As early as the era of primitive people, people noticed the difference in the number of a sheep and many sheep, a wolf and a whole group of wolves in production activities, and slowly produced the concept of number over time. In the early days, people used their ten fingers to count, and when the fingers were not enough, people began to use "stone counting", "knotted rope counting" and "notching counting".

After tens of thousands of years of development, it was not until about 5,000 years ago that written notation and the corresponding notation system appeared.

Early notation systems include: ancient Egyptian pictographs around 3400 BC; Babylonian wedge-shaped figures from around 2400 BC; Chinese oracle bone inscription numbers from around 1600 BC; Greek Attica numerals from around 500 BC; Chinese calculations around 500 B.C.; Indian Brahmin numerals from around 300 BC and Mayan numerals of unknown date. These counting systems use different decimal systems, with the exception of the Babylonian wedge-shaped numerals, which have a decimal system, and the Mayan numerals, which have a decimal system.

"The Generation of Numbers" is a micro-course provided by Bian Zhao School in Tongyu County, and the main teacher is Lou Xianghua.

The course design ideas are as follows:

First, first of all, the courseware is issued to explain the counting methods of the ancients, so that students can understand the troublesome notation of the ancients; Then show the courseware that shows the number symbols: such as Babylonian numerals, Chinese numerals, Roman numerals, and then introduce the generation of numbers with the help of the courseware, knowing that different nationalities have different counting methods.

Clause. 2. Through the section "Do You Know", students can know how Arabic numerals are generated, so that students can understand that only this method of counting is simple; Feel the continuous progress of humanity; Clause.

3. Show the courseware to explain decimal notation and what numbers are bootstrap numbers.

History of the development of mathematics:

Mathematics originated in the early production activities of human beings, and the ancient Babylonians had accumulated a certain amount of mathematical knowledge since ancient times and could apply practical problems. From the perspective of mathematics itself, their mathematical knowledge is only obtained through observation and experience, and there is no comprehensive conclusion and proof, but it is also necessary to fully affirm their contributions to mathematics.

The knowledge and application of basic mathematics is an integral part of individual and group life. The refinement of its basic concepts can be seen in ancient mathematical texts in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and ancient India. Since then, there has been a steady stream of development.

But algebra and geometry at that time remained independent for a long time.

number"Is it produced by human beings in social practices such as production and labor? In ancient times, our ancestors were hunting? In the process of production and labor, such as fishing, and later poultry breeding and the production of labor tools, the concept of numbers gradually developed in order to estimate the output and living needs.

Originally produced by humans"number"The concept is:"Yes"with"None"?For example, when everyone goes out hunting, they may or may not catch anything, so it gradually arises"Yes"with"None"The concept? And then came into being"and more"with"Less"The concept, if A hits 5 hares and B hits 3 hares, A hits 2 more than B?