The ancient city of Loulan has a long history, but for what reason it suddenly collapsed?

The yellow sand wears gold armor in a hundred battles, and it is not brokenLoulanI won't pay it back! "This is Wang Changling's military service. "SlashLoulan, bend the bow and shoot the virtuous king", this is Li Bai's poem.

They all mentioned Loulan, but when we were children, we never understood that Loulan was **. It seems that there is no such place in China. But it's real, it's just mysteriously lost to history.

The ancient kingdom of Loulan is real, and many historical poems have confirmed his existence. But since 330 A.D., the ancient kingdom of Loulan has mysteriously disappeared from our records. It seems that he never appeared, just where he appeared in the story.

Until 1900,The ruins of the ancient kingdom of Loulan were found, we confirmed the existence of Loulan. <>

So how did this ancient kingdom of Loulan disappear? There are two main theories about the disappearance of the ancient kingdom of Loulan. They are all related to the mother river of LoulanPeacock RiverRelate.

Loulan is located in the desert area of Xinjiang, China, so water resources are very important for Loulan, so the ancient city of Loulan chose to build on the edge of the Peacock River. However, with the development of the Silk Road, a large number of people entered Loulan, which accelerated the economic development of the ancient city of Loulan, but also brought great damage to the natural environment of Loulan. Such destruction led to the disappearance of the ancient city of Loulan.

However, there are two differences on the specific consequences of environmental damage. One isDroughtOne isFlooding。Among them, drought was the direction that people tended to archaeology at the beginning.

According to historical records, the disappearance of Loulan coincided with a period of drought in China, so it is easy to associate people with the destruction of the environment, which led to the rapid drying up of the Peacock River. After the water source disappeared, the people of Loulan had toSelectMigration。Therefore, the ancient kingdom of Loulan disappeared because of this.

But with the development of science and technology and the discovery of the ancient city of Loulan. Another theory that emerged, the ancient city of Loulan, may have been destroyed by floods. After research, it was found that the river section of the Peacock River was formed with a lot of rainfall, large and smallDammed lakeIn addition, the only vegetation around it was destroyed during the development of the ancient kingdom of Loulan.

So slowly, the formation of these dammed lakes caused the accumulation of water, which eventually led to flooding, which caused a catastrophe.

The powerful ancient kingdom of Loulan, the ancient kingdom of Loulan that was conscripted against countless poets, disappeared in this way. The reason for its disappearance, whether it is drought or flooding, is because of peopleDestruction of the natural environment。People depend on the environment for survival, so protect the environment.

Otherwise, it will disappear into the long river of history like the ancient kingdom of Loulan.

It is said that there are various reasons, one of which is due to the war, which caused the people in the ancient city to die. There is also a reason for the ecological environment, because the ancient city of Loulan is now a lot of yellow sand, probably due to the lack of water source in Loulan at that time, the wind and sand are large, they have no water, and it is very dry and can not survive.

Because it took too long, the water there dried up, and then the river broke off, so it was destroyed.

Loulan is a place where the climate is changeable, and there will be strong winds every year, and it has been maintained in such a good state for so long that it has reached a limit, and the power of nature has still destroyed it.

There are two main reasons, one is that it is located in the northwest inland, which is not suitable for human habitation due to long-term drought and water shortage; Second, the forces of various parties in the Western Regions have been annexed and fought for a long time, which has led to destruction.

Cutting down trees has a lot to do with even a lot.

Climate change, drying out of the interior.

So far, I think the most credible thing is desertification

There are two main reasons for the disappearance of the ancient city of Loulan:

1.The global climate is arid: the Bronze Age was a thriving population, during which the lake was high temperatures, and the lake was vast and suitable.

However, after entering the cooling zone, the water and soil environment deteriorated, the river water decreased, the lake shrank, and the desert expanded. Around 2000 years ago, drought intensified, which was manifested in the occurrence of ice ingress in a vast area of northern China, the accumulation of loess, the extinction of lakes and marshes, and the retreat of the sea.

2.The impact of human activities on the drying up of Lop Nur can be said to be increasing. Water and trees are key to the survival of an oasis in the wilderness.

The ancient city of Loulan was built in the lower delta of the Peacock River, where the water system was developed, and there were once flourishing poplar trees for its construction. At that time, the Loulan people built more than 100,000 square meters of the ancient city of Loulan near Lop Nur, and they cut down many trees and reeds, which will undoubtedly have a negative impact on the environment.

1.Because of the epidemic of the plague, the people of Loulan were not much left because of this plague. And because of the indiscriminate felling of the Loulan people, soil erosion has been caused.

The people of Loulan wanted to find another home, so they abandoned the city and ran away, but not long after leaving the city, they encountered a rare violent storm and sandy weather. After natural disasters and man-made disasters, there are few Loulan people left, and the Loulan people want to find another home, and the desire to repeat the ancient country of Loulan cannot be realized.

2.There is another way of saying it. It is said that the diversion of the Zhubin River in the middle reaches of the Tarim River, the mother river of Loulan, has led to a serious shortage of water in Loulan, although the soldiers of Dunhuang, Shanshan, Yanqi and Qiuci came to the rescue, but they still could not change anything, and the ancient city of Loulan gradually fell due to lack of water.

3.Whether it was the lack of water or the indiscriminate deforestation of the Loulan people that led to the demise of Loulan, there was an indisputable fact: Loulan's demise was accelerated by the plague and unprecedented windy sandstorms.

The main reasons for the disappearance of the ancient city of Loulan are: sparsely populated, war and slaughter, etc.

It was because of a sandstorm that buried Loulan City.

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According to the discoveries of archaeologists, the population of Loulan is somewhat different from the records in historical materials. In the ruins, archaeologists have found a total of twelve settlements, which may have been the former village of Loulan. Based on this, it is speculated that the population of Loulan should be in the tens of thousands.

As for the reason for the loss of Loulan, at first it was thought that it was caused by the plague. As a result of the plague, many of the Loulan people perished, and the survivors were forced to migrate south, eventually settling in the area of present-day Milan.

Loulan abandoned and said, "It is more prevalent." As the Silk Road was abandoned, the Loulan people lost their livelihood and had to find new settlements. During the Western Han Dynasty, the Han army stationed troops in the Western Regions on a large scale, which led to the development of local agriculture.

After the Two Jin Dynasty, the garrison of the Central Plains regime in the Western Regions also shifted to the north, and the ancient city of Loulan lost its role, and the Loulan people had to relocate.

In addition, there are inferences based on the "war theory". The civilization of the Western Regions has multiplied for many years, and it is unlikely that the climate will change drastically for no reason, so the only thing that can cause environmental change is war. Scholars who hold this view believe that some nomadic tribes often grazed their cattle in the upper reaches of Loulan and provoked wars in the area, so that the vegetation and water conservancy facilities in the upper reaches of Loulan were destroyed.

Around the third century AD, the riverbed in the lower reaches of Lop Nur was silted up, so that the water level of the lake rose and spread to Loulan City. In this flood, rivers such as the Peacock River and the Tarim River poured into Loulan City, destroying the ancient city in an instant.

In addition, there are inferences based on the "war theory". The civilization of the Western Regions has multiplied for many years, and it is unlikely that the climate will change drastically for no reason, so the only thing that can cause environmental change is war. Scholars who hold this view believe that some nomadic tribes often grazed their cattle in the upper reaches of Loulan and provoked wars in the area, so that the vegetation and water conservancy facilities in the upper reaches of Loulan were destroyed.

Around the third century AD, the riverbed in the lower reaches of Lop Nur was silted up, so that the water level of the lake rose and spread to Loulan City. In this flood, rivers such as the Peacock River and the Tarim River poured into Loulan City, destroying the ancient city in an instant.

The history of Loulan is quite long, longer than the history of the Silk Road, and there have been records of this small country in the historical materials of many years BC, and it is believed that with the deepening of archaeological work, archaeologists will give an answer that is enough to convince the public.

It is likely that the inhabitants of the ancient kingdom of Loulan had left the area at a time when desertification was becoming more and more serious, and had integrated into other ethnic groups. Because there is no written record in the history books, there is no way to verify it. It is also difficult to be 100% sure why the ancient kingdom of Loulan disappeared.

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The disappearance of the ancient city of Loulan is an unsolved case that has been debated in academic circles to this day. The ancient Peacock River is the only fresh water source in the ancient city of Loulan, although there is a vast Lop Nur in the east of the ancient city of Loulan, but because it is a saltwater lake, it is undrinkable. According to historical records, since the 4th century, the climate of the Tarim Basin has tended to be arid, the mountain glaciers have shrunk, and the water volume of the rivers has decreased.

As a result, rivers and lakes dry up and plants and trees do not grow. For the Guloulan people, who live in pursuit of water and grass, they lose their lives without water. The ancient Loulan people, who lived by fishing and animal husbandry, were forced to move in large numbers, and it can be seen from the Chinese slips obtained from the ruins of the ancient city of Loulan that the rations of the Loulan soldiers showed a trend of gradually decreasing, and there was even a saying that "it is advisable to gradually save and make each other closer".

The main causes of food shortage are environmental degradation, ecological imbalance and increasing water shortages. There are still many records in the unearthed documents about the shortage of water and the inability to plant, and the requirement of strict control of water distribution and water sources, so the lack of water, a key factor, led to the abandonment of Guloulan. The view that the water is cut off and the city is empty was once accepted.

For many years, many scientists have believed that Lop Nur is a migratory lake, and its position and shape have changed from north to south with the change of water volume since the formation of Lop Nur. And the ancient city of Loulan happened to be built by the water, could it be that the instability of Lop Nur caused the forced migration of the ancient Loulan people?

In recent years, scientific expeditions composed of Chinese experts and scholars have entered Lop Nur many times. According to the bottom of Lop Nur lake drilling and sampling, experts believe that carbon-14 dating believes that Lop Nur has experienced many large dry and wet fluctuations in the past 10,000 years, but has never left the Lop Nur depression, Lop Nur only in its own territory to carry out the rise and contraction, Sui and Tang dynasties due to the increase in the river water replenished by alpine ice and snow, the amount of water flowing into Lop Nur has also increased correspondingly, and in the Yuan Dynasty, with the climate in the northwest of China drying out, the water volume of the Tarim River has become less, and the area of Lop Nur has also shrunk to the minimum, around 1964, Lop Nur was completely dried up. But some people also wonder if when Lop Nur dries up, will the Loulan people living on both sides of the river abandon the ancient city in search of another lake with water?

This seems to coincide with the theory that the water breaks the city and the emptiness, but according to the literature, there is still water there after the ancient city of Loulan was abandoned, and if water is the only key, then in the next thousand years, the amount of water in Lop Nur has changed many times and Loulan has not regained its former glory. It seems that the theory that the water breaks the city and the sky is difficult to justify.

At the beginning of September this year, the Lop Nur scientific expedition team of the Chinese Academy of Sciences was stationed at the Loulan Wenbao Station in the Lop Nur depression on the eastern edge of the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang. The members of the scientific expedition team found that in addition to the sign of the Loulan Cultural Relics Protection and Management Station, there were two eye-catching signboards outside the cellar, one was the "Loulan Hotel" hanging at the door of the cellar, and the other was the banner "Loulan Hotel of China Loulan Cultural Relics Protection Station", which also printed three stars, which made people mistakenly think that they had really arrived at the hotel.

He Dexiu, a member of the scientific expedition team and deputy curator of the Bazhou Museum in Xinjiang, immediately pointed out: "The cultural protection station has spent a lot of energy on building a 'hotel', and it is suspected of not doing its job properly. You are a cultural relics protection management unit, what kind of hotel should you build?

To spend so much energy on business, it is better to inspect well and do your part. ”

Meng Hangao, director of the Ruoqiang County Bureau of Culture and Sports in Bazhou, Xinjiang, a direct subordinate department of the Loulan Cultural Protection Station, said: "This does not affect normal work. Now that the funds are so difficult, we have to find a way to earn some wages and living expenses on our own. ”

It is understood that on August 29 this year, the Ruoqiang County Bureau of Culture and Sports mentioned in its report to the relevant parties: Loulan Cultural Protection Station has dug 4 cellars, totaling 170 square meters, which can receive more than 20 tourists at one time. There are staff areas, two large rooms and two small rooms, and 7 scientific expedition teams and cultural relics inspection teams have been received, and 15 superior leaders have been received to visit and inspect the delegations, nearly 1,000 people.

Ruoqiang County Bureau of Culture and Sports said, "It has initially possessed the ability to receive tourists for accommodation." ”

Qin Dahai, the business supervisory unit of the Loulan Cultural Protection Station and the director of the Bazhou Cultural Management Office, explained that it stands to reason that the Loulan Cultural Protection Station cannot be engaged in tourism reception except for the reception tasks at work. But the environment in that place is particularly harsh, and there are no normal accommodation conditions. Some of the teams that were allowed to enter also had to be accommodated when they got there.

In such a case, the two sides may cooperate on a voluntary and consultative basis.

He Dexiu, a member of the scientific expedition team, believes that it is not a long-term solution to let the people of the cultural protection station stay for a long time. It stands to reason that the establishment and funding of the cultural protection station should be relatively independent, so as to play a long-term role. Although the protection of Loulan is facing many difficulties, it is still necessary to fulfill its duties, and cannot use the vast and sparsely populated land, poor environment, and lack of funds as reasons to protect Loulan with due diligence.

Other members of the expedition team are worried that once they engage in business activities, it is easy to turn the Loulan site into a cash cow, and the consequences are worth being vigilant against.