What was the submarine before World War I, the best submarine in World War II? What is his record?

Late one night in the summer of 1776, there was silence in New York Harbor, USA. A British patrol boat on alert suddenly noticed that a "monster" was moving slowly on the water, so it hurried close to inspect it. Before the patrol boat could get closer, the "monster" let out a deafening loud noise.

Didn't hurt the British, but left them inexplicably frightened. This "layer" is the world's first submarine, the "Turtle". The name "tortoise" comes from the fact that the submarine is made of wood in the shape of a bucket and floats in the water like an egg with the tip down, somewhat like two giant tortoise shells snapped together.

The submarine "Turtle" was designed and built in 1775 by D. Bushnell, a graduate of Yale University in the United States. It is powered by a hand-cranked propeller and can only be piloted by a single person. Since there is no oxygen regeneration device, you can only stay underwater for 30 minutes at a time.

The hatches and vents of the boat are equipped with watertight hatches, which can be automatically closed when diving; There are ballast lead blocks in the compartment to ensure the upright position of the submarine; The boat is equipped with a compass with a bathymetry and phosphorescent markers. The submarine is drained by a copper pressure water pump filled with water from the foot gate, allowing the submarine to float freely. The target of the "Turtle" on this trip was the British battleship "Eagle".

Due to Bushnell's illness, the attack was temporarily carried out by Sergeant Ezra Lee. Unfortunately, however, Lee's misjudgment of the tide and the improper placement of the rocking drill prevented him from fixing the nearly 150-pound powder barrel-shaped "mines" on the boat to the bottom of the British ship, resulting in a "miscarriage" of the attack plan. Although the submarine "Turtle" appears primitive and crude from today's point of view, it has unashamedly occupied a place in the history of weapons, because it opened up the thinking of engineers, laid a small cornerstone for modern submarines, and it is almost identical to modern submarines in the principle of submersion.

More than 100 years later, the Germans applied the principle of the "Turtle" to the construction of modern submarines, causing the British to suffer greatly in the naval battles at the beginning of World War II. It is now the 90s of the 20th century, and submarines have developed from conventional submarines to nuclear-powered submarines, and their performance and attack capabilities are no longer the same as in the past. But one should still remember the "Turtle" - the first wooden submarine designed and built by the Americans in the late 18th century.

The submarines of the First World War were the submarines of Germany, and there really was nothing to say about other countries. Germany is a landlocked country, in order to break the blockade, in order to compete with Britain for the hegemony of the world, at a great expense to build an invincible armada, but after the Battle of Jutland, German surface ships did not do much. It was not because of the defeat in the Battle of Jutland, because in the Battle of Jutland, in terms of the battle, Germany should have won.

However, after this intention, the German top brass realized that Germany's naval strength could not shake Britain's position, so they became cautious about the use of surface ships. But the submarines of the German Navy were feared by the Allies in the Atlantic, and the famous wolf pack tactics were a product of that period. The wolf pack made the U-boat, and also made a large number of excellent submarine officers and men, such as Carl von Dönitz, who became famous in World War II.

We have always believed that German submarines and tactics were the most powerful in World War II, but we did not know that the Japanese were far behind Japan in torpedo technology. It is no exaggeration to say that the Japanese torpedo was more than 20 years ahead of the world at that time in terms of performance.

Why are Japanese torpedoes so powerful, even the United States is out of reach, everything comes from oxygen, the most common gas (I am not good at chemistry, I can only describe it this way).

In order to make the torpedo have a greater range and more power, it is necessary to carry more fuel and ammunition, which will inevitably increase the size of the torpedo itself, but large fish will bring great difficulties to the catastrophe of the destroyer, affect the flexible use of the ship, but will not give full play to the power of the torpedo, and will only be counterproductive. Therefore, when torpedo technology developed by the beginning of the 20th century, it was recognized by naval technology exhibitors of various countries that the performance of fish had reached its limit.

Torpedoes were first powered by compressed air, and because there was no combustion chamber, they were called "cold-powered torpedoes".

In 1905, the "thermodynamic torpedo" appeared, which relied on a mixture of air and fuel combustion to produce power propulsion. This torpedo was developed on the basis of the combustion chamber invented by the American engineer Levitt in 1904.

And the "thermodynamic torpedo" is divided into "dry thermodynamic torpedo" and "wet thermodynamic torpedo", because the "wet thermodynamic torpedo" has a better speed and longer range than the "dry thermodynamic torpedo", so it has become the main direction of torpedo development in the world. Japan's Type 93 torpedo was developed by means of a "wet thermodynamic torpedo".

At the same time, due to the signing of the Washington Treaty*, Japan's navy size was only 70% that of the U.S. navy. Therefore, the Japanese Navy decided to take the path of winning by quality, which is why the Japanese Navy vigorously developed torpedoes. Because at that time, it seemed that with torpedoes, it was possible to defeat the strong with the weak.

The biggest problem with oxygen torpedoes is that as a fuel and proportion of propulsion power, it is theoretically effective to replace kerosene (86% carbon and 14% hydrogen) with pure oxygen. Oxygen is a strong oxidizing agent in the air, but it makes up only 21% of the air, the other 79% is nitrogen and a small amount of nitrogen dioxide and inert gases, and apparently, only that 21% is the most useful. Therefore, the proportion of air composition is called the focus of research!

The ultimate depth is 320 meters, German Type 21 submarines. Type 21 Submarine Of the submarines built in World War II, the most technologically advanced was the German Type 21. It is the world's first truly "submarine" boat, a submarine with the purpose of potential underwater patrol and combat purposes.

It is not the submarine for which surface ships were able to dive into combat or evade attacks without being designed to do so. It was the prototype of the modern submarine, and the world's first teardrop-type submarine and the first nuclear submarine after World War II were largely influenced by it.

Its novel shell design allows it to have a knots of underwater speed, whereas its water speed is only knots. Its large battery allows it to dive up to 340 nautical miles at a speed of 5 knots. There are also food, refrigerators, showers and other living facilities that other German submarines do not have.

The Type 21 was also equipped with hydraulic torpedo refill, which allowed it to fire 18 torpedoes in 20 minutes. The Type 21 was also equipped with a new type of sonar equipment, which allowed it to target torpedoes without a periscope, increasing its safety. Between 1943 and 1945, Germany built 118 Type 21 submarines.

But due to the large number of personnel who needed to be trained to familiarize themselves with the large number of new equipment, only the U2511 participated in combat patrols until the end of World War II.

Type 21 data:

Length: m. Width: 8 meters. Height: m.

Draught: m. Power: water surface 4000 horsepower = knots; 4400 horsepower underwater = knots range: 15500 nautical miles above water 10 knots; 340 nautical miles 5 sections armament: 6 torpedo tubes in front, 23 torpedoes or 17 US torpedoes and 12 mines Itevai4:

Capacity: 57 people.

At that time, the maximum diving depth of submarines varied from country to country, but most of them were more than 100 meters to more than 200 meters. At the end of World War II, Germany's latest submarines Type 9D and Type 21 had an ultimate diving depth of up to 300 meters, but they never did it in actual combat, and it was too dangerous to go down and get up.

World War II scrap wood, Italy, brilliant achievements rely on ace submarines, the Allies and Germany have to bow to the upper hand.

It was the submarine M-172 of the Underwater Combat Squadron of the Northern Fleet of the Soviet Union, which was attacked by 324 depth charges on May 16, 1942 and was unsunk.

Japan's I-400, a behemoth with an underwater displacement of more than 6,000, compared to the U-boat, it is a child, it can perform more than four months of sea missions at once, and it has three planes in its belly, which can be regarded as a diving aircraft carrier, a very sci-fi thing, originally used to attack the continental United States, but this thing only came out in 1945, when Japan didn't even have much fuel, so it only did some soy sauce work.

It was supposed to be a submarine of the XXI type, a type of submarine that entered service in the late German war, the most advanced in World War II. Commissioned in mid-1944, the maximum speed knots on the surface and the maximum speed knots under the water, because of its streamlined hull, the speed is faster than that on the water, and the current submarines are developed from this submarine.

It can dive up to 300 meters, has six torpedo tubes, cancels the tail launch tube of the previous U submarine, and has an advanced automatic torpedo loading device, so that the torpedo can be loaded in 20 seconds, carrying a total of 23 torpedoes. He also has a breathable tube that allows him to charge even underwater. Very quiet, destroyer sonar is difficult to detect.

U-99 Otto. The submarines under Kraschmer's command were absolutely the best, destroying more than 200,000-ton ships and being called the king of tonnage

The U-series in Germany were pretty good (for that time).