How is steel made? How is steel made?

Steel has two meanings: one is a building material, and the other is a spiritual quality of people. What needs to be analyzed is the spiritual quality of steel.

If you want to talk about the process through which steel is obtained, I believe everyone has seen it in middle school chemistry textbooks: blast furnace ironmaking. By mixing raw materials such as hematite and calcium oxide at high temperatures to produce crude iron, and then using the purification process to reduce the carbon content in the crude iron, steel is obtained.

As for the steely spiritual quality, the former Soviet writer Gorky interpreted it vividly and vividly with words. In the pen of Mr. Gorky, the protagonist Paul Kochagin comes from a humble background, has a miserable childhood, and lives in dire straits. When he grew up, he finally had the girl he loved, but he missed it by accident.

After suffering a series of major setbacks, Paul did not give up his love of life, and he actively participated in the revolution, dedicating his life to creating a new and beautiful country. In the process of struggle, Paul suffered a lot of inhuman torture and unimaginable pain, but he did not give up.

After continuous training, Paul Kochagin has a will as strong as steel. Since then, Paul has become a big hero in the eyes of many people, and many people hope that they can be as strong as Paul. In fact, in China's revolutionary journey, there were many ordinary and unknown Chinese versions of Paul Kochagin, who dedicated his life to the great revolutionary cause, until he gave his precious life.

For example, Xia Minghan, who "killed Xia Minghan and returned the potato state oak to have descendants", Sister Jiang, who would rather bend than bend in prison and was brutally killed, etc., all have a strong spirit of steel.

The main reason why these revolutionary heroes can have the same iron will as Paul is that they have firm beliefs and goals. In their view, it is their lifelong goal to create a new motherland and eradicate ills, and even death cannot stop them. Today, peace and development are the main themes of world development, and we must firmly establish the ideal and belief of serving the motherland and be prepared to fight for the rest of our lives.

In this way, we become pure steel.

Please take a closer look: the steps of steel selling: iron ore is smelted into iron through beneficiation, sintering, and blast furnace, molten iron is smelted into molten steel through converter, and then turned into a casting billet through a continuous caster, and then rolled into the corresponding steel through a rolling mill.

Iron and steel smelting: most of modern ironmaking uses blast furnace and envy ironmaking, and some adopt direct reduction ironmaking method and open sliding electric furnace ironmaking method.

Steelmaking is mainly made of pig iron made from blast furnaces, sponge iron and scrap steel made by direct reduction nuclear smelting and selling iron as raw materials, and steelmaking is made by different methods of stimulating wax. The basic production process is to smelt the iron ore into pig iron in the iron-making furnace, and then use the pig iron as raw material to smelt steel by different methods, and then cast it into steel ingots or continuous casting billets.

Steel is made through thousands of tempers.

1.Converter steelmaking: The oxidizing agent used in this steelmaking process is oxygen.

Air is blown into molten pig iron to oxidize impurities such as silicon and manganese. During the oxidation process, a large amount of heat is released (1% silicon can increase the temperature of pig iron by 200 degrees Celsius) to reach a high enough temperature in the furnace. Therefore, converter steelmaking does not require additional fuel.

Converter steelmaking is carried out in a converter. The shape of the converter is like a pear, the inner wall has refractory bricks, and there are many small holes (air outlets) on the side of the furnace, and compressed air blows into the furnace from these small holes, which is also called a side blowing converter. At the beginning, the converter is at a level, liquid pig iron at 1300 degrees Celsius is injected inward, a certain amount of quicklime is added, and then air is blown in and the converter is turned to make it stand upright.

At this time, the surface of the liquid pig iron reacts violently, causing iron, silicon, and manganese to oxidize (FeO,SiO2, Mno,) to form slag, and the convection of the molten steel and slag is used to make the reaction spread throughout the furnace. After a few minutes, when only a small amount of silicon and manganese remains in the molten steel, the carbon begins to oxidize, forming carbon monoxide (exothermic) that causes the molten steel to boil violently. A huge flame appeared at the furnace mouth due to the combustion of spilled carbon monoxide.

Finally, phosphorus also undergoes oxidation and further forms ferrous phosphate. Ferrous phosphate reacts with quicklime to form stable calcium phosphate and calcium sulfide, which together become slag.

When the phosphorus is gradually reduced from the sulfur, the flame recedes, and the brown steam of ferric oxide appears at the furnace mouth, it indicates that the steel has been smelted. At this time, the blast should be stopped immediately, and the converter should be turned to a horizontal position, the molten steel should be poured into the molten steel ladle, and then the deoxidizer should be added for deoxidation. The whole process only takes about 15 minutes.

If the air is blown in from the furnace, it is a low-blow converter.

With the development of oxygen production technology, oxygen top blowing converters (also side blowing converters) are now commonly used. This converter blows high-pressure industrial pure oxygen, which reacts more violently, which can further improve production efficiency and steel quality.