50 points Electrons and nuclei at absolute zero 50 points

No. First of all, electrons are not immobile at absolute zero. It has energy, according to the uncertainty relation, x*p"h, and then using the Schrödinger equation, and then according to the derivative method, we can get his minimum value, which is the ground state energy, and this energy must not be zero.

In the case of a harmonic oscillator, this energy is HW2, so it still has energy.

For example, the momentum of the hydrogen atom cannot be accurately measured at this time (uncertainty relation), but the average kinetic energy can be measured, which is half of the energy. Thus it also has a certain momentum, and thus a velocity. It won't hit the nucleus.

No, the nucleus is emitting subgravitational radiation, causing electrons to find ways to get closer to low orbits.

A vacuum that loses all its mass after radiating energy cannot exist at absolute zero.

It can be said that when absolute zero is reached, the internal energy of the object is gone, and the particles do not move.

By: HFHHE - Heroes Level 8.

There was still a tremor.

Well, so to speak, the lower the temperature, the slower the movement of electrons. But it will never reach absolute zero, because the electrons will hit the nucleus, and only neutrons will be left (neutron stars?). ）

Now it can only be infinitely close to absolute zero.

That's not possible, because absolute zero temperature is impossible to achieve, and if it can be achieved, it is to drain all the energy of the object, then the object will not exist, because the existence of the object and the energy are inseparable.

We all know that temperature is a physical quantity that measures the average kinetic energy of multiple molecules, but ontology involves the kinetic energy of electrons. As for the relationship between electron kinetic energy and molecular kinetic energy, I am also unclear.

Theoretically, this is true, but absolute zero can never be reached.

No, electrons and nuclei jiu bu dong le!

The rotation of electrons around the nucleus does not require energy to sustain it. This is the first of the three main points in Bohr's theory, the stationary hypothesis.

stationary state

The wave function (x,y,z,t) = (x,y,z)exp(-i2 et h).

Microscopic particles in a steady state have the following characteristics: energy e has a definite value; The probability density of the particles does not change over time; The probability distribution of all mechanical quantities taking various possible values and the average value of their mechanical quantities do not change over time. In the stationary state, the state with the lowest energy is called the ground state, and the state higher than the ground state is called the first state in turn.

1. The second excited state, etc. When the particle transitions between two stationary states (energies e1 and e2 respectively), it will absorb or emit photons of frequency v and satisfy: el-e2=hv, where h is Planck's constant.

To put it bluntly, the rotation of electrons around the nucleus is a microscopic theory, which cannot be understood by the continuum of classical theory. If you're just a high school student, you'll understand when you get to college. Don't worry about this. The following is a standard answer, if you can understand it, you can understand it, and if you can't understand it, you will naturally understand it when you get to the university.

Classical physics cannot explain the problem of atomic structure. First of all, classical physics cannot build a stable atomic model. According to classical electrodynamics, the movement of electrons around the nucleus is an accelerated motion, so it constantly emits energy in the form of radiation, and the energy of the electrons becomes smaller and smaller, so the electrons moving around the nucleus will eventually "fall" into the nucleus due to a large loss of energy, and the atom will "collapse", however, the real world shows that the existence of atoms is stable.

Bohr then proposed two extremely important concepts in his quantum theory that can be considered as generalizations of a large number of experimental facts.

1.Atoms have the concept of a stationary state with discontinuous energy.

2.The concept of quantum transitions.

Atoms do not radiate when they are in a steady state, but for some reason electrons can jump from one energy level en to another lower (higher) energy level em while emitting (absorbing) a photon. The frequency of the photon is: vmn = [en-em] h

On the other hand, atoms in the ground state (the lowest energy state) do not emit photons and exist stably.

The steady state of an atom can only be certain energies with a certain discrete value e1,e2 ,EN. In order to concretely determine these energy values, BOHR proposes the quantization condition:

The angular momentum l of an electron can only be taken at h in integer multiples of 2.

Based on these two concepts, the line spectrum of hydrogen atoms can be interpreted satisfactorily.

In order to overcome the artificial nature of Bohr's theory, De Broglie linked the stationary state of atoms to standing waves, i.e., the problem of quantization of particle energy and the discrete wavelength (or frequency) of standing waves in finite space.

At absolute zero, the velocity is zero.

Absolute zero is a paradox There is still physical motion of matter in absolute zero, there is absolute zero in existing physics, at which all matter stops moving, however, according to the principle of wave-particle duality of light (both matter and matter), who can explain why light can still move at absolute zero, and some physicists believe that the true speed of light should be tested in absolute zero and absolute vacuum, and the contradiction proves that 1, matter still moves in absolute zero 2, The existing absolute zero data or concepts are wrong or paradoxical 3, the energy of matter in absolute zero does not disappear Matter still retains the existence of energy Combined with the above possibilities, the principle that temperature is the increase or decrease of material energy may be redefined.

When the temperature is 0k, the molecule stops moving.

According to quantum theory, the average translational kinetic energy of free electrons in a metal is not 0 at a temperature of 0kFor example, the average translational kinetic energy of the free electrons in the copper block at 0k is.

At absolute zero, all particles stop moving.

In an environment close to absolute zero, the rate at which electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom slows down.

The motion of electrons without electrons must be quantum theoretical.

Absolute zero is the lowest temperature in thermodynamics, the temperature at which a particle's kinetic energy is as low as the lowest point in quantum mechanics. Absolute zero is the lower limit of the theoretical only, and its thermodynamic temperature scale is written as k, which is equal to the zero lower degree of the Celsius temperature scale (i.e.

The temperature of a substance depends on the kinetic energy of the atoms, molecules, etc. within it. According to the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, the higher the kinetic energy of the particle, the higher the temperature of the matter. Theoretically, if the kinetic energy of a particle is as low as the lowest point of quantum mechanics, the matter reaches absolute zero and cannot be lower.

However, according to the laws of thermodynamics, absolute zero can never be reached, only infinitely approximated. Because any space must contain energy and heat, and they are constantly converting into each other without disappearing. So absolute zero does not exist unless the space is free of any energy heat from the beginning.

In this space, all matter is completely free of particle vibrations, and its total volume is zero.

Absolute zero, that is.

Definition: The lowest temperature that can theoretically be reached, at which an object has no internal energy. The zero degree that is set as the thermodynamic temperature scale (absolute temperature scale) is called absolute zero. The unit of thermodynamic temperature scale is Kelvin (k).

Why is there absolute zero? : Absolute zero is obtained by extrapolation according to the laws followed by ideal gases. With such a method, when the temperature is lowered to, the volume of the gas will decrease to zero.

If, from the point of view of molecular motion theory, the average translational kinetic energy of an ideal gas molecule is determined by the temperature t, then absolute zero can also be said to be "the temperature at which the ideal gas molecule stops moving". Both of the above statements are just an ideal reasoning. In fact, all actual gases exhibit significant quantum properties when the temperature is approaching, and the gas has already become liquid or solid.

In short, the motion of gas molecules no longer follows the thermodynamic statistical laws of classical physics. Through a large number of experiments and theoretical deductions after quantum mechanical corrections, it is concluded that at places close to absolute zero, the kinetic energy of molecules tends to a fixed value, which is called zero energy. This shows that at absolute zero, the energy of the molecule is not zero, but has a very small value.

The reason is that all particles are in the lowest state of energy possible, that is, all particles are in the ground state.

Why can't we reach absolute zero? : At absolute zero, the motion of the atoms stops completely, which means that we can accurately measure the velocity of the particles (0). However, the Planck constant, introduced by the German physicist Max Planck in 1890, shows the fact that

The product of the uncertainty of the particle's velocity, position, and mass must not be less than Planck's constant, which is a fundamental physical law of the universe in which we live. Then when the particle is below absolute zero and the speed of motion is zero, it contradicts this law, so we can theoretically conclude that absolute zero is unattainable.

It can be lower than absolute zero: there are places below zero, and those below zero are made up of antimatter. That is to say, our molecular motion needs to provide energy, and antimatter movement absorbs energy, so absolute zero can be reached, and it can be reached below absolute zero, but it is currently impossible for humans to reach it.

Absolute zero is minus Celsius.

The temperature of the object is actually due to the continuous movement of the atoms that make up the object, colliding with each other, so if the object is continuously cooled, the motion of the atoms will continue to weaken, and finally stop, the atoms of the object will stop moving, and the temperature will not drop again, this is the minimum temperature limit that the atom can reach, we call it absolute zero, and absolute zero corresponds to the temperature below zero in Celsius.

In addition, the thermodynamic temperature is also subscripted at absolute zero.

It's absolute zero. At this temperature, the object has no heat energy. The unit of absolute zero is Kelvin (k).

Absolute zero represents a temperature at which all the molecules and atoms that make up matter cease to move. Motion refers to all spatial, mechanical, molecular, and vibrational motions, including some forms of electronic motion, but it does not include "zero-point motion" in the concept of quantum mechanics. This motion cannot be stopped unless the agglomeration system of the moving particles is dismantled.

By the nature of this definition, absolute zero is impossible to achieve in any experiment, but low temperatures within one millionth of a degree above absolute zero have been reached. All these molecular and atomic movements that take place inside matter are collectively known as "thermal motions", which are invisible to the naked eye, but we will see that they determine most of the temperature-dependent properties of matter. Just as a straight line is made up of only two points, a temperature scale is defined by two fixed and repeatable temperatures.

Originally, at a standard atmosphere (760 mm mercury, or 760 Torr), the Celsius temperature scale was set at the melting point of ice to be 0 and the boiling point of water to be 100, and the absolute temperature scale was to set absolute zero to ok and ice to have a melting point of 273 k, so that there were three fixed points that caused the temperature to be inconsistent, because scientists wanted the degrees of the two temperature scales to be equal, so whenever an accurate experiment was carried out on the relationship between the three points, the value of one of the points was always changed by one hundredth degree. Today, apart from absolute zero, there is only one fixed point that is internationally recognized, and that is the "triple point" of water. In 1948 it was determined that it was 273 degrees above absolute zero and 16 degrees.

When the vapor pressure is equal to one atmosphere, the normal freezing point of water is slightly lower, which is 273 15K (o 320°F), and the normal boiling point of water is. The actual values of these fixed points in Celsius scales and some other minor reference points for temperature measurement (the so-called International Practical Temperature Scale), as well as the measurement methods used in laboratories to obtain these values accurately, are regularly published by the International Weighting Committee.

Motion. Such a low temperature is impossible to achieve, and even under ideal conditions, the temperature represents the movement of the molecules, and the electrons are inside the atoms and will move normally.

The temperature itself is generated by the movement of matter, and a matter that is absolutely stationary will have absolute zero, but there is no matter that is absolutely stationary in the world, so there is no reality of absolute zero, and that is just a concept.

Absolute 0 degrees is a state in which there is no energy in existence, and it is also a state in which pressure is equal to 0 and there is nothing, so electrons do not exist at all. Otherwise, the change will not reach absolute 0 degrees.

It would be a mistake to say that it will not move. Matter is at absolute zero, and the molecules of matter are in motion! This is called "zero-point oscillation" in quantum mechanics, which is the lowest energy level for molecular motion.

It is impossible for this motion to be transmitted to other molecules of matter, because the energy of molecules cannot be lower than the lowest energy level (ground state). Therefore, there is no heat transfer and no heat radiation at absolute zero. The significance of absolute zero is that there is no heat transfer (no heat transfer to other substances) and no thermal radiation, not that there is no motion.