Are blue and white porcelain and celadon a thing? Detailed description

Blue and white porcelain. For many people, the impression may be that it is luxurious and elegant, full of ancient charm. So what is the situation that causes everyone to have such opinions on blue and white porcelain, and most of the impressions of him are the same?

Blue and white porcelain, also known as blue and white porcelain on white ground, is one of the most famous porcelain products in China, belonging to underglaze colored porcelain. So how is it different from traditional porcelain?

Blue and white porcelain pays attention to the rich composition of the ornamentation, many layers but not messy, the brushwork is also seen with a stroke of strokes, smooth and powerful, and has many different meanings, far-reaching and full of meaning; Traditional porcelain is more of a general term, and there is no special meaning, he has many types and many types, traditional types of bowls, cups, plates, pots, pots, basins, etc., these different types and types constitute traditional porcelain. But the blue and white porcelain is not the same he has gone through many dynasties, divided into Tang blue and white, Song blue and white, Yuan blue and white, etc., each dynasty has the characteristics of each dynasty, most of the blue and white porcelain in the Tang Dynasty likes to be decorated with flowers and grass patterns, and in the Yuan Dynasty, blue and white porcelain has undergone many developments, and the decoration has become more and more abundant, forming various shapes and characteristics.

All in all, the development of blue and white porcelain is long-term and long-lasting, different periods give blue and white porcelain different feelings, and gradually formed a series of blue and white porcelain culture in modern times, which is the history of the development of blue and white porcelain. How is the blue and white porcelain fired, and many people have many questions about it? The firing of blue and white porcelain is first and foremost inseparable from the first part of most porcelain, which needs to be selected and refined, and then the embryo is made, and then painted on this basis, which should be an important step, which means whether the shape of the blue and white porcelain is complete, and the last step is the glaze.

It doesn't sound difficult, but it's not as simple as it sounds!

I believe that Jingdezhen is no stranger to many people, and the mature blue and white porcelain skills come from the Hutian Cellar in Jingdezhen in the Yuan Dynasty. Blue and white porcelain is the result of the continuous trial and trial of Jingdezhen craftsmen step by step, which not only makes blue and white porcelain gradually famous all over the world, but also creates the famous porcelain capital Jingdezhen.

status. Therefore, blue and white porcelain is a great porcelain variety for our country, and it is also a symbol of the country, it has many characteristics and has been tempered.

Different colorants, different firing methods, different colors, different positions in history, and different ornamentation. It is made from cobalt ore containing cobalt oxide and fired at one time with a high-temperature reducing flame.

Compared with traditional porcelain, it is more beautiful, the communication is more abundant, the lines are very smooth, the production process is more complex, and it needs to be glazed in advance, and then painted and fired.

The influence is different, the value is different, the degree of social influence is different, the degree of attention is different, and the cost is different. It is necessary to use some pigments to paint on the ceramic first, and then apply a transparent glaze before firing at high temperatures.

The differences between blue and white porcelain and other porcelain are as follows:

1. Strong tinting strength, bright hair color, stable color;

2. The decoration will never fade;

3. Colorful, clear and elegant, with the artistic charm of Chinese ink painting;

4. It does not contain lead, arsenic and other toxic elements, and is non-toxic to the human body.

5. It is not only suitable for decorating daily porcelain such as meals and tea sets, but also suitable for decorating vases, vats and other furnishing porcelain;

6. Its raw materials contain cobalt and natural minerals are abundant.

Blue and white porcelain, also known as blue and white porcelain on white ground, is often referred to as blue and white, and is a treasure of Chinese ceramic firing technology. It is one of the mainstream varieties of Chinese porcelain, which belongs to underglaze colored porcelain. Blue and white porcelain is made of cobalt ore containing cobalt oxide as raw material, depicting ornamentation on the ceramic body, and then covering with a layer of transparent glaze, which is fired at one time by a high-temperature reduction flame.

The cobalt material is blue after firing, and has the characteristics of strong tinting strength, bright color, high firing rate and stable color. The original blue and white porcelain has been seen in the Tang and Song dynasties, and the mature blue and white porcelain appeared in the Hutian kiln in Jingdezhen in the Yuan Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, blue and white became the mainstream of porcelain.

During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, it reached its peak. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, it also created and burned blue and white five-colored, peacock green glazed blue and white, bean green glazed blue and white, blue and white red color, yellow ground blue and white, brother glaze blue and white and other derivative varieties.

Porcelain is a kind of object composed of porcelain stone, kaolin, quartz stone, mullite, etc., and the surface is glazed or painted. The porcelain is formed by firing at a high temperature (about 1280-1400) in a kiln, and the glaze color on the surface of the porcelain will undergo various chemical changes due to the different temperatures. Sintered porcelain tires generally contain less than 3% iron and are impermeable, and are widely used by people all over the world because of their relatively low cost and wear-resistant and impermeable characteristics.

China is the homeland of porcelain, and porcelain is an important creation of the working people of the Han nationality.

China has a long cultural history. The cultural connotations of the ornamental patterns embodied in the Chinese porcelain are rich and diverse. To sum up, there are myths and legends, stories of historical figures, religious culture, birds and animals, flowers and feathers, and customs and habits.

Interpreting its cultural fables, there is not only the auspiciousness of seeking good fortune and avoiding evil, but also the beautiful vision. The Chinese dynasties have classics for the auspicious map. The auspicious ornamentation of porcelain in Chinese dynasties reflects the hope and yearning of the Chinese nation for a better life for thousands of years, and has become an important part of the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation.

In particular, the ornamentation of the Qing Dynasty is more colorful, and the pattern must be implicative and auspicious.

The blue and white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty, according to current research, should have begun to use the so-called Su Ma Li green glaze. The use of Su Mali blue glaze made the blue and white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty an important category in the field of porcelain collection.

In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, the blue and white porcelain of the Yongle and Xuande periods, the widespread use of Su Mali blue glaze made the blue and white porcelain of the Yongle and Xuande periods very bright. Some experts and scholars believe that this is one of the major contributions of Zheng He's voyage to the West in the early Ming Dynasty to open up the route between the East and the West. However, with the invasion of the Japanese in the late Ming Dynasty, China began to implement the policy of closing the country to the sea, and this kind of overseas ** gradually stopped.

The glaze from West Asia is used less and less, and finally it is exhausted.

On the blue and white porcelain, the method of writing, engraving, printing and other methods is used to indicate the age of porcelain firing, which is called the chronological model. The ancient porcelain of the author's country is mainly based on the chronology, and the chronology is divided into two categories: the year of the emperor and the stem of the year of the heavenly stem and the earth. During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, the chronicle model began to appear on the blue and white porcelain, and the seal script font was elegant and smooth, and the edge was decorated with lotus petal patterns.

Xuanjing is dignified and strong. Chenghua iron silver hook, glazed with clouds. Jiajing's strokes are thick and heavy, and the strength is hidden in the show.

It is not a concept, first of all, the age is different, and secondly, the workmanship is not the same, blue and white refers to the pattern painted with blue and white glaze, that is, cobalt oxide material. Linglong refers to the carcass with a delicate eye, that is, the carcass is hollowed out of a small eye in the shape of a grain of rice, and then filled with transparent glaze and fired in a kiln.

The high-quality delicate tire is thin and translucent, and it looks crystal clear. Therefore, blue and white porcelain is painted with blue and white on general porcelain; Blue and white exquisite porcelain is painted blue and white on exquisite porcelain.

Yongxuan blue and white porcelain uses Su Ma Li green glaze, so the blue and white hair color is very strong. And Su Ma Liqing glaze contains a large amount of iron. When iron is fired at high temperatures, it produces crystallized spots.

This is a very obvious feature of Su Mali's green glaze, which can be used to distinguish the blue and white porcelain of the early Ming Dynasty.

The blue and white porcelain of the late Ming Dynasty gradually began to have a different effect from the blue and white porcelain of the early Ming Dynasty in terms of the hair color of the blue and white porcelain.

There is no difference in porcelain, the main thing is that the color is different.

Speaking of blue and white porcelain, I have to say that the blue and white porcelain of the late Ming Dynasty gradually began to have a different effect from the blue and white porcelain of the early Ming Dynasty in terms of the color of blue and white. In the late Ming Dynasty, blue and white porcelain began to use another kind of blue and white glaze, which is Huiqing. Huiqing material is also an imported blue and white glaze, and the craftsman configures this green material with a kind of stone green material to form a new blue and white glaze.

This combination of glazes, the proportion of stone green material is slightly higher, which makes Tsinghua show the effect of blue and purple. If the stone green material is used a little more, the blue and white hair color will produce gray-blue.

More than 1,000 years before Europe mastered porcelain-making techniques, China was able to produce quite fine porcelain. From the perspective of the development history of Chinese ceramics, the term "ceramics" is generally divided into two categories: pottery and porcelain. Clay and porcelain stone products with no dense sintering of the carcass, whether colored or white, are usually referred to as pottery.

Among them, the part with a higher firing temperature and a better degree of sintering is called "hard pottery", and a kind of glaze is called "glazed pottery". Relatively speaking, clay or porcelain stone products that have been fired at high temperatures, have a relatively dense carcass sintering degree, and have good glaze quality are called "porcelain".

The development of traditional Chinese ceramics has experienced a long historical period, with a wide variety of varieties and special processes, so the classification of traditional Chinese ceramics needs to consider the traditional customary classification methods in addition to considering the technical hard indicators, and the changes in the understanding of ancient and modern science and technology can be more effectively classified.

Blue and white porcelain is one of the ceramics, it is the largest production in ancient ceramics, the most extensive variety of painting subjects, and one of the most popular varieties of the people.

Judging from the current archaeological data, blue and white porcelain began in the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty Dahuangbao kiln in Gongxian County, Henan Province unearthed a little color, strip color blue and white utensils, and some blue and white also added yellow color. Most of the kiln temperature is low, the combination of tire glaze is slightly poor, and the same utensils have also been unearthed in Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province.

And Yangzhou also unearthed part of the tire glaze combination is better, blue and white hair color is bright, blue and white clear blue and white porcelain remnants, the shape of the vessel has bowls, plates, pots, pillows, etc., more mature, but this variety is found very little in the kiln site. According to these materials, the blue and white of the Tang Dynasty was the product of cultural exchanges and combinations between China and the West. Because one is that its ornamentation is full of Central Asian and Persian styles, and blue is also the color of its holy and sublime.

The second is that Tang blue and white flowers were unearthed in Henan and Yangzhou at the same time, and Yangzhou was an important port for foreign exchanges in the Tang Dynasty, which can also confirm the relationship. The third is that the varieties of blue and white are fine and coarse, indicating that there may be a grade relationship or existence, and there is a gradual development relationship. Fourth, the green material is from West Asia and Persia.

After five dynasties to the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the kiln in Gongxian County gradually weakened, and the Tang blue and white varieties disappeared since then.

In the Song Dynasty, it can be called the dark period of blue and white porcelain, the gestation period, or the period of succession and succession. Due to the historical background and the public's preference, blue and white were not popular during this period. Therefore, the archaeological excavation data of blue and white porcelain in the Song Dynasty are particularly few, and they are not representative, but in the Song Dynasty, the porcelain paintings of each kiln have greatly developed and matured, which has laid a solid foundation for the future popularity of blue and white porcelain.

In the decades since the rebirth of blue and white, coupled with the emergence of the binary formula of porcelain, its quality has tended to be stable, the quantity has increased greatly, and it is widely accepted by the people. At that time, whether it was Central Asia, Persia and other countries, including Southeast Asian countries, the people were very fond of it. Blue and white porcelain has become a kind of porcelain staple commodity that has spread widely in a wide area, and has successfully occupied the market with its dark blue color.

After the Ming Dynasty, blue and white completely integrated into the Han people's favorite varieties, and became the absolute mainstream product. At that time, although there were many monochrome glazes and bucket colors, colorful varieties appeared from time to time, but compared with blue and white, their number was less than one. The variant situation began to loosen and change after the Yongqian of the Qing Dynasty, and it was not until after Jiadao that the blue and white porcelain gradually weakened.

Embodied in the blue and white porcelain on the porcelain, as the name suggests is to paint the pattern and decoration in cyan, in the vast sea of blue and white kilns of the past dynasties, it is very difficult to make a comprehensive discussion, therefore, here only talk about its flowers, and then talk about the color, try to find out some of the rules, and the rest of the tire, glaze, modeling, technology, etc. will not be discussed for the time being.

The differences between blue and white porcelain and other porcelain are as follows:

1. Strong tinting strength, bright hair color, stable color;

2. The decoration will never fade;

3. Colorful, clear and elegant, with the artistic charm of Chinese ink painting;

4. It does not contain lead, arsenic and other toxic elements, and is non-toxic to the human body.

5. It is not only suitable for decorating daily porcelain such as meals and tea sets, but also suitable for decorating vases, vats and other furnishing porcelain;

6. Its raw materials contain cobalt and natural minerals are abundant.

There is a difference. In fact, blue and white porcelain is made of cobalt ore containing cobalt oxide as raw material, depicting the pattern on the ceramic body, and then covering it with a layer of transparent glaze, which is fired at a time by a high-temperature reduction flame.

And celadon is a famous traditional Chinese porcelain. It is made by applying a green glaze (a blue-green glaze with iron as a colorant) to the body and firing it in a reducing flame. The porcelain called ethereal porcelain, Qianfeng emerald color, mugwort color, emerald green, pink and blue porcelain in our country in the past dynasties all refer to this kind of porcelain.

The Yue kiln in the Tang Dynasty, the Longquan kiln in the Song Dynasty, the official kiln, the Ru kiln, the Yaozhou kiln, etc., all belong to the celadon system. Celadon is famous for its delicate porcelain, bright and smooth lines, dignified and simple shape, pure and colorful color. "Green as jade, bright as a mirror, sound like chime" of the "porcelain flower" is worthy of being the treasure in porcelain, rare and precious!

The formation of celadon hue is mainly caused by the firing of a certain amount of iron oxide in the tire glaze, which is roasted in a reducing flame atmosphere. However, some celadon is not pure due to iron content, and the reducing atmosphere is not sufficient, so the hue is yellow or yellowish-brown. In our country, it has been called ethereal porcelain, Qianfeng emerald color, Ai Qing, emerald green, pink green, etc., all refer to celadon.

The porcelain industry in the Tang Dynasty has become an independent department, and the Tang Dynasty poet Tortoise Meng praised celadon with the famous sentence "Nine autumn wind and dew more kiln open, win the green color of a thousand peaks". In addition to the celadon outside the Yue kiln enjoys a good reputation, the white porcelain in the kiln is exquisitely made, it is said that "there is no noble and cheap pass in the world", the Longquan kiln, the official kiln, the Ru kiln, and the Yaozhou kiln of the Song Dynasty all belong to the celadon kiln system.