Explanation of terms of engineering parts such as cushion cap, box girder, pier column, pile founda

Cushion cap: refers to the reinforced concrete platform that connects the top of each pile arranged at the top of the foundation pile in order to bear and distribute the load transmitted by the pier body.

Box girder: a kind of beam in bridge engineering, the interior is hollow, and the upper part has flanges on both sides, similar to a box, hence the name.

Pier studs, i.e. lower load-bearing objects used to carry superstructures in civil engineering. The cross-section of the pier stud is mostly circular, and there are also heterosexual pier stud such as oval, square, curved, and parabolic.

Pile foundation: a deep foundation (see figure) composed of a pile and a pile cap (referred to as a cap) connected to the top of the pile, or a single pile foundation connected by a column and a pile foundation, referred to as a pile foundation.

Base plate: The lower edge of the box section is called the bottom plate, which is the main working part to bear positive and negative moments, and in reinforced concrete bridges, it is necessary to ensure sufficient size to assemble the required tensile steel bars. In prestressed reinforced concrete bridges, the pressure bearing area needs to be large enough to meet the compression requirements during the operation phase.

A column is the vertical main structural element of a building, supporting the weight of the object above it.

Excavated cast-in-place pile refers to the pile hole formed by manual excavation method, and then placed the reinforcement cage and poured concrete.

The parapet is a low wall around the roof of the building, which is mainly used to maintain safety and to apply waterproof pressed brick finishes at the bottom to avoid water seepage of the waterproof layer or rainwater overflow on the roof.

The underlay refers to the structural layer located below the base layer. Its main function is to improve the working conditions of the base and soil foundation by water insulation, drainage and anti-freezing, and its water stability requirements are good.

For others, please refer to the "Encyclopedia".

You can buy a book on the subject.

The construction object is divided into a number of construction sections with roughly equal labor volume in plane or space, which is called construction section or flow section. The number of construction sections is generally expressed in m, which is one of the main parameters of flow construction.

When dividing the construction section, the demarcation should be consistent with the structural boundary of the construction object (temperature joint, settlement joint, unit demarcation line); The amount of labor on each construction section is as close as possible; The number of construction sections should not be too much, otherwise the number of people will be small and the construction period will be long; Each construction section should have enough working face to facilitate construction; It is necessary to enable the construction teams to carry out continuous construction.

Number of construction sections (m).

When organizing flow construction, the construction object is usually divided into several sections with equal or roughly equal labor amounts, and these sections are called construction sections. Each construction section is only used for one construction process in a certain period of time.

The construction section can be fixed or unfixed. In the case of fixed construction sections, all construction processes use the same construction sections, and the demarcation of the construction sections is fixed for all construction processes. In the case of not fixing the construction section, a construction section division method is respectively prescribed for different construction processes, and the demarcation of the construction section is different for different construction processes.

The fixed construction section is convenient for organizing the flow construction, and is widely used, while the non-fixed construction section is less used.

When dividing the construction section, the following points should be taken into account:

1.The demarcation of the construction section is as consistent as possible with the structural boundary of the construction object (temperature joints, settlement joints, building units, etc.);

2.The amount of labor consumed on each construction section is as close as possible;

3.The number of sections divided should not be too much, so as not to extend the construction period;

4.There should be enough working surface for each construction process;

5.When the construction has an inter-layer relationship, and the sections are layered, each team should be able to construct continuously, that is, the team of each construction process can immediately transfer to the second section after completing the first section; After completing the last paragraph of the first layer, you can immediately move on to the first paragraph of the previous layer. Therefore, the minimum number of construction sections per floor m0 should be satisfied.

m0 nWhen m0 = n, the team is working continuously, and the team is always working on the construction section, that is, there is no stop in the construction section, which is a more ideal organization mode;

When m0 > n, the team is still working continuously, but the construction section is idle and stopped.

When m0 < n, the team cannot work continuously in a project.

The construction section is idle and restless, which will generally affect the construction period, but if some preparatory or auxiliary work (such as transportation construction process) can be arranged on the idle working face, it will make the follow-up work smooth and not necessarily harmful. Discontinuous work of the team is not advisable unless the team can be transferred to another site for a large flow of water between sites.

There are generally two forms of division of construction sections in flow construction: one is its own segmentation in a unit project; The other is to divide the flow section between the units in the construction project. The latter kind of flow construction is best for each unit project for the same type of project, such as the same kind of building composed of residential groups, with a building as a construction section to organize flow construction.

The construction section refers to several parts of the same construction process, and the engineering quantity of these parts should generally be roughly equal.

Total planned land area: the area of all land within the building line.

Planned gross floor area: It is the upper limit of all floor areas (the sum of the floor area of each floor) as defined by the Planning Bureau.

Gross floor area: This is the specification (I don't know).

Building base area: It is the area occupied by the building foundation.

Plot ratio: total floor area Total land area.

Building density: building base area Total floor area.

Green space rate: green area Total land area (excluding artificial green space on roofs and terraces).

Total planned land area: and the area within the legal scope of the planning land, which is generally the total area enclosed by the planning red line. Planned total floor area.

Explanation of the foundation.

foundation;ground]

Strata as the foundation of a building Building foundation Detailed explanation (1).Judah; Ground. "Dream of Red Mansions" Chapter 59:

Since the foundation was divided, there have been daily divisions in each room. The twenty-ninth chapter of "Three Heroes and Five Righteousness": "Second Master Ding said to Old Zhou again: .

Uncle, the silver is already here, I don't know if there is a foundation? Zhou Lao said: "There is a foundation, just a stone's throw in front of Zhengjialou."

Zhao Shuli, "Three Mile Bay" 5: "As for the issue of using private trembling foundations for canal construction, this is exactly the issue to be discussed tonight. ” 2).

The soil layer or rock layer that bears the weight of the building, and the soil layer is generally compacted. Some areas are called ground feet. "The Strange Status Quo Witnessed in Twenty Years" Chapter 93:

There is a man-made house in this concession, and the foundation needs to be laid. Cao Yu, "Sunrise," Act IV: "At this time, the small workers who lay the foundation outside had already gathered.

Word decomposition Explanation of earth Ground ì Where human growth activities are located: Earth (one of the nine planets of the solar system). Geocentrism says.

The earth or a part of the earth: geology. Crust.

The part of the earth's surface that excludes oceans, rivers, and lakes: land. Ground floor.

Soil on the surface of the earth: land. Field.

Lands. The landlord loses the erection. Interpretation of the base on the earth The root foot of the building is the root foot

Cornerstone. Foundation. Laying the foundation of the hole.

Fundamental, initiated: basic. Foundation.

Grass roots. Point. Benchmark.

Basis: Based on. Chemically, when a part of the daughter atom contained in the molecule of a compound is considered as a unit, it is called a "base".

Group. Ground. Amino. Carboxyl.

Component Definition: In machinery, it refers to the parts that make up the mechanism in relative motion. It can be a single unit (e.g., the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine) or a whole with some parts connected together (e.g., a connecting rod of an internal combustion engine).

In architecture, it refers to the constituent units of a structure, such as beams, columns, etc.

A component is a replaceable part of a system that actually exists, implements a specific function, conforms to a set of interface standards, and implements a set of interfaces. A artifact represents a portion of the physical implementation of a system, including software (source, binary, or executable) or its equivalent (such as a script or command file). In the diagram, the member is represented as a labeled rectangle.

Plot ratio: the ratio of the total construction area within the project land area to the total land area of the project. Calculation formula:

Plot ratio = total floor area Total land area When the floor height of the building exceeds 8 meters, the floor area of the floor area is doubled when calculating the floor area ratio. The lower the floor area ratio, the higher the comfort level of the residents, and vice versa, the lower the comfort level. The so-called "floor area ratio" refers to the ratio of the total floor area of a community to the land area.

For developers, the plot ratio determines the proportion of land cost in the house, while for residents, the plot ratio is directly related to the comfort of living. The same is true for the greening rate. The higher the greening rate, the lower the plot ratio, the lower the building density, the less area the developer can use for the first time, and the more comfortable the residents.

These two ratios determine whether the project is designed from the perspective of people's housing needs or purely from the perspective of making money. For a good residential community, the floor area ratio of high-rise residential buildings should not exceed 5, multi-storey residential buildings should not exceed 3, and the greening rate should not be less than 30%. However, due to the cost of land, not all projects can be done.

2. Building land area: refers to the land area actually occupied by the building or building complex, including the area of outdoor projects (such as greening, roads, parking lots, etc.), the shape and size of which are controlled by the building red line.

3. Net land area for planning and construction: the land area that your developer can use for construction. You buy a piece of land, but due to municipal or other reasons, you need to occupy some of your land, such as municipal roads, that is, it is often said that the width of the road should be deducted, and if there is a high-voltage line on the side of the land, the state stipulates how many meters you need to exit before you can build a house.

Therefore, the area of your land certificate is not necessarily the area of your construction land, and the area of your land certificate minus the area that you cannot use is your net land area for planning and construction.

4. "Land area": It is the area of various construction land divided according to the main nature of land use. Urban land use.

The main properties can be divided into residential land, public facilities land, industrial land, storage land, external traffic land, road square land, municipal public facilities land, green space, special land, water area and other land. However, the area of land of various natures does not only include the land area occupied by itself, but also includes the area of construction land that directly serves it. For example, the "residential land area" of a city includes the construction land area of residential buildings and public service facilities, roads and green spaces equivalent to residential quarters and below the community level; "Industrial land area" includes the construction land area of production workshops, warehouses, storage yards, structures and ancillary facilities of industrial and mining enterprises (including their dedicated railways, wharves and roads).

Planned land area: within the scope of land use rights, and then approved by the planning department, generally including building land, green space, parking lots, community roads, etc. Gross floor area:

The sum of the floor area of each building to be built on the construction land. The floor area of each building is the superposition of the floor area of each floor. Floor area:

The floor area used to calculate the floor area ratio (e.g. the basement floor area may not be included in the calculation). Building base area:

That is, the ground floor area of the proposed building. Floor area ratio: the floor area of the planned land area, expressed as a constant.

Building density: the area of the building base The area of the planned land use, expressed as a percentage. Green space rate:

The area of land used for greening and ecological construction The area of planned land is expressed as a percentage.