What is the embodiment of solar activity other than sunspots?

In which layer of the sun does the famous solar "sunspot" activity occur?

1.Photosphere.

2.Chromosphere.

Correct answer: Photosphere.

Sunspots are a kind of solar activity that occurs in the photosphere of the sun, and are the most basic and obvious in solar activity. It is believed that sunspots are actually huge swirls of hot gas on the surface of the sun, with a temperature of about 3000-4500. Because the hungry type is sensitive, its temperature is 1000 to 2000 degrees Celsius lower than the surface temperature of the sun's photosphere, so it looks like some dark spots.

sudden intensification of electromagnetic radiation (flare);

injection of energetic particles into solar-terrestrial space (flares or solar eruptions);

large amounts of magnetized plasma impinge on the Earth's magnetosphere (coronal mass ejection or solar eruption);

These disturbances cause drastic changes in the Earth's magnetic field, strong disturbances in the ionosphere, and drastic changes in the chemical composition, density and temperature of the Earth's upper atmosphere. These changes may further lead to catastrophic events such as:

Astronauts can be injured by radiation;

radio propagation is strongly interfered with;

Electromagnetic remote sensing measurements often erroneously occur during magnetic storms;

The radio wave path is displaced, and GPS positioning and navigation errors are generated;

Large magnetic storms overload the power grid and cause transmission interruptions;

Satellites aged and fell prematurely, and the onboard electronics were severely damaged.

Sunspots: Photosphere.

On the Sun's photosphere, there are some swirling air currents, like a shallow disk, concave in the middle, which look black, and these vortex air currents are sunspots. The sunspot itself is not black, and the reason why it is seen black is because it is cooler than the light sphere.

One or two thousand degrees, against the backdrop of a brighter ball of light, it becomes a dark sunspot that looks like there is no bright light.

Sun: On the chromosphere.

During a total solar eclipse, the sun is surrounded by a red ring with a bright red tongue of fire pulsing on it, this tongue of fire is called the sun, which is a very strong solar activity produced on the sun's chromosphere, which is one of the signs of solar activity.

Flare: chromosphere.

A solar flare is one of the most intense forms of solar activity. The cycle is about 11 years. It is generally believed to occur in the chromosphere, so it is also called "chromosphere explosion".

Its main observation feature is that the rapidly developing bright spots suddenly appear on the surface of the sun (often over the sunspot group), and its lifetime is only between a few minutes and tens of minutes, and the brightness rises rapidly and decreases slowly. Especially when flares are frequent and become stronger.

PS: The photosphere, chromosphere, corona are all the atmosphere of the Sun).

Sunspots are in the photosphere.

Sun and flares in the chromosphere.

The solar wind is in the coronal layer.

Sunspots are in the photosphere.

flare in the chromosphere.

The sun is in the coronal layer.

The Sun is the central body of the solar system and occupies the overall mass of the solar system. The eight planets in the solar system, asteroids, meteors, comets, outer Neptune objects, and interstellar dust all revolve around the Sun, which revolves around the center of the Milky Way.

The Sun is a star located at the center of the solar system, and it is almost an ideal sphere intertwined with hot plasma and magnetic fields. The diameter of the Sun is about 1,392,000 (kilometers, equivalent to 109 times the diameter of the Earth; It is about 1.3 million times the size of the Earth; Its mass is about 2 10 kilograms (330,000 times that of the Earth). In terms of chemical composition, about three-quarters of the mass of the Sun is now hydrogen, and almost all of the rest is helium, including oxygen, carbon, neon, iron, and other heavy elements with less than 2% of the mass, which uses nuclear fusion to release light and heat into space.

The Sun is currently passing through the local interstellar cloud in the local bubble of the Orion Arm at the inner edge of the Milky Way. At a distance of 17 light-years from Earth, there are 50 of the closest star systems (the closest star to the Sun is a red dwarf called Proxima Centauri, about light-years).

The Sun is a yellow dwarf (spectrum G2V), the lifespan of a yellow dwarf is roughly 10 billion years, and the Sun is currently about 100 million years old. In about 50 to 6 billion years, the Sun's interior will be almost completely depleted of hydrogen and the Sun's core will collapse, causing the temperature to rise, a process that will continue until the Sun begins to fuse helium into carbon. Although helium fusion produces less energy than hydrogen fusion, it is also hotter, so the outer layers of the sun will expand and release a portion of the outer atmosphere into space.

At the end of the process of turning to new elements, the mass of the Sun will decrease slightly, and the outer layers will extend to the current orbit of the Earth or Mars (at which point the two planets will be farther away from the Sun due to the decrease in the mass of the Sun).

Sunspot is a phenomenon in the solar photosphere, which is caused by the sudden drop in temperature caused by the sun's magnetic inductance line being affected by the rotation of the solar photosphere. Sunspot activity has an 11-year cycle, and the first antimagnetic pole sunspot appeared on the Sun in April 2008, marking the beginning of a new activity cycle. The Earth is closely related to solar activity, and this year's abnormal weather and geological activity may be related to the beginning of this activity cycle.

For a deeper understanding, I suggest you take a look at the Astronomy Amateur magazine's "The Great View of the Eclipse" supplement, which is very detailed.

1.The Sun is just one of the 200 billion planets in the Milky Way.

2.The sun has a tremendous amount of energy. The Earth absorbs 94 billion megawatts of energy from the sun every year, equivalent to 40,000 times the total annual energy consumption of the United States.

3.The mass of the sun is decreasing at a rate of 5 million tons per second.

4.The temperature of the sun is high, with the temperature in its core exceeding 14 million k.

5.The Sun is a very ancient planet. It takes 50 million years for the energy produced in its inner central region to reach the surface of the sun.

Even if the sun stops producing energy now, the Earth will always feel the sun's tremendous energy for the next 50 million years.

6.The Sun is huge, with a diameter equivalent to 109 times the diameter of the Earth.

7.To put it more figuratively, if the sun is like a large inflatable ball in a swimming pool, then Jupiter is a golf ball, and the earth is just a small pea.

9.The Sun and the Earth are so far apart that even if they travel at the speed of light, it takes 8 minutes and 30 seconds to reach them.

10.The escape velocity of the Sun is about 383 miles and seconds.

11.The Sun is so far away from Pluto that it takes five and a half hours to travel at the speed of light.

12.The rotation period of the Sun is days.

13.The Sun orbits the Milky Way once every 100 million years.

The temperature of the sun's inner core is 15 million degrees Celsius, where hydrogen-helium fusion reactions take place. Nuclear fusion reactions consume about five million tons of matter per second and convert them into energy that is released in the form of photons. It takes more than a million years for these photons to reach the surface of the sun from the center of the sun.

After the photon travels from the center of the sun, it passes through the radiation belt, losing energy in collisions with atomic particles along the way. It then passes through the convection zone, where the photon's energy is absorbed by the hot gas, which transfers energy to the surface in the convection current. By the time they reached the edge of the convection zone, the photons had cooled to 5,500 degrees Celsius.

What we can see directly is the photosphere on the surface of the Sun. The photosphere is relatively active, with a temperature of about 6,000 degrees Celsius, which belongs to the "cooler" part. There are undulating convection units called "grains of rice" in the photosphere.

Each grain of rice is about 1,600 kilometers in diameter, and they are the culmination of the thermals that rise from the inside of the sun. It is in the constant convection activity that the sun releases the equivalent of 100 billion megaton nuclear bombs into space every second.

In some parts of the photosphere, the temperature is relatively low, and in the visible light range, these parts appear darker than other places, so people call them "sunspots". The photosphere is wrapped around the chromosphere, and the sun transfers energy outward through the chromosphere. There are solar flares in this layer, which are scorching hydrogen clouds that are produced before sunspots form.

Beyond the chromosphere is the outermost corona of the Sun's atmosphere. The corona is so large that it can stretch millions of kilometers into space, but it can only be seen during a total solar eclipse. One can see in the corona a huge flame "bait" that emerges from the top of the chromosphere.

While radiating light and heat, the sun also produces a low-density stream of particles – the solar wind. The solar wind radiates into space at a speed of 450 kilometers per second. Auroras from Earth and certain other planets are also brought by the solar wind.

If the solar wind is unusually strong for a period of time, a solar storm is formed. The Sun's magnetic field is extremely powerful and complex, and its range even extends beyond the orbit of Pluto.

The sun is already 4.6 billion years old, and it can continue to burn peacefully for about 5 billion years. In 5 billion years, the helium inside the Sun will transform into a heavier element, double its brightness, and expand in size, with Mercury, Venus, and Earth all entering its atmosphere. After a 100 million year red giant phase, the Sun will run out of energy and collapse into a white dwarf, forming a planetary nebula by projecting material into space.