How to summarize and comprehensively the discourse class, and how to understand the literature class

First of all, when discussing, you should clearly define the topic you are facing, expand it from many aspects, you can use it, form words and set up questions, change the perspective, and understand it from different characters, classes, situations, and society, and it will be effective, and the understanding of literature should be related to the author's mentality and social background at that time, in short, you should make the problem serious, so that it will be more profound, grasp a sentence, and you will find that some differences are intentional by the author, and I often use assumptions at the beginning Remove the method to study so that we can know the true meaning of these sentences more clearly.

The most important thing in the discourse is to be clear, you can put a number in front of each of your opinions, and then spread out to state your views, literary understanding, from the perspective of history, social values, anthropology, and humanistic feelings, so that it is profound.

To discourse is to make a statement or narration on your own.

Literature is more esoteric, depending on what aspect of literature you understand.

Youth literature is easy to understand.

Famous works of foreign literary masters cannot be understood by reading them once or twice.

The key is the mood and age of reading a book.

The most important thing is to calm down and think.

If the landlord wants to understand the discourse, it is recommended to read Mr. Lao She's teahouse.

Or Shakespeare, literary Les Misérables, don't look at it for a while.

The "words, images, and meanings" proposed in the ancient Chinese "Zhou Yi Zhi Ci" are understood as the three elements of text composition in a broad sense. Wang Bi of the Three Kingdoms period gave a specific explanation of it. In the West, Hegel put forward the "implication theory" of filial piety.

He thinks that the first thing we see is what it presents directly to us, and then we investigate its meaning and content. In modern times, the Polish phenomenologist Ingarden has divided the text of literary works into four levels from the surface and the inside: the first level is the phonetics of words and their higher-level phonetic combinations, which belong to the most basic level of literary texts; The second level, the unit of meaning, is the organization of meaning conveyed by the phonetics of words and their higher-level phonetic combinations, which is the core level of literary texts. The third level is the multi-schematic appearance, which is a rough picture of things presented by the unit of meaning, which contains a number of "unfixed" things that need to be concretized by the reader.

The fourth level is the representation of the object, that is, the "world" generated through the virtual. Based on the ancient and modern Chinese and foreign texts, we can divide the texts into three major levels: the level of literary language, the level of literary image and the level of literary implication.

The literary language level refers to the specific language system in which a literary text is first presented to the reader for reading. The speech in this system is significantly different from the general speech in that it has an introverted, psychological implication, and rejection. The literary image is a concrete, touchable and moving picture of life evoked in the reader's mind through imagination and association in the process of reading the literary language system, which is the unity of subjectivity and objectivity, the unity of assumption and reality, the unity of the individual and the general, and the unity of certainty and uncertainty.

The literary connotation level refers to the thoughts, feelings and other contents contained in the text, which belongs to the depth of the text structure, because the image has a directional and encompassing nature, it makes the meaning level present a multi-level rich meaning, which is generally divided into three different levels: the historical content layer, the philosophical meaning layer and the aesthetic connotation layer.

If you are referring to the essay questions in the Introduction to Literature exam, I think the following should be included:

1. First of all, explain the important concepts or nouns raised in the question, such as "What is defamiliarization?" ”；

2. Explain the key points needed in the problem, such as "the specific performance of defamiliarization", and it is best to explain it with examples;

3. According to the requirements of the topic, if necessary, summarize at the end.

Because your question is quite general, it is roughly in this direction. In my experience, the focus is on taking the textbook as the basis, combining my own understanding, and grasping the key words, so that I can basically answer the questions. No rote memorization is required.

Personal exam experience and perspectives for your reference.

1. Language is abstract.

The abstraction of language manifests itself in lexical-level abstraction and grammatical-level abstraction. In the lexical sense, each word is general, general, and denotes a class of things. For example, "pen" means all pens, fountain pens, pencils, brushes, ballpoint pens, etc.

Grammatical meaning is the result of a long period of abstraction of human thinking, abstracted from concrete words and sentences.

The reason why people can understand the meaning of language is because language is a combination of sound and meaning, and can be used to communicate and think about the symbolic system. Linguistic symbols include both form and meaning. Language is perceptible by hearing, and the form of perception is combined with meaning.

For example, the voice form of "human" ren is a sound that can be perceived by hearing, and its meaning is "an animal that walks on two legs, can talk, and can work".The form ren is combined with the meaning of "man" to represent the "man" in the objective world. Because of this, language can be understood.

2. The so-called generalization refers to the expression of relatively complex things in concise and concise sentences, and to summarize the common characteristics of things. Generalization is a form of expression of the process of understanding from the concrete to the abstract, which is premised and conditional on accurate and scientific analytical ability. From the perspective of pragmatics, concise and concise language is a requirement for concise language use, but it is fundamentally the result of the development of thinking ability.

For example, there is a paragraph in Wu Guanzhong's "Speaking of Trees" that lists the willow trees in the south of the Yangtze River, the Huangshan pine, the great forest of Yousemeidi in the United States, the big banyan tree in the riverside, and the jujube tree in the north of the ice and the moon, etc., and then the author summarizes that "the trees I have seen and loved are indeed a lot, but most of them cannot be named. This is a summary of the trees mentioned above, and thus gives a general understanding: language is general.

Liu Xizai of the Qing Dynasty said in "Art Overview": "Whenever an article is written, its intention must be able to be concealed in one word. If it is expanded, it is a thousand words, and if it is about it, it is a word, and the so-called mastermind is also.

This means that one or a few sentences are used to point out the theme at the key point of the whole text, and become a concise and profound epigram in the whole text, that is, "the key words are the warning policy of an article" (Lu Ji's "Wenfu").The "main brain" and "piece of speech" here are not only a high level of generalization of what the author knows, feels, thinks, and sees, but also the result of careful analysis and discrimination, and only such language can have a high degree of generalization.

practical activities.

Literary appreciation is the reader's understanding of literary works in order to meet aesthetic needs, through imagination, association, emotion,

Mental activities such as thinking and re-creation in order to pursue the readability and interest of theoretical works.

Literary appreciation is the activity of appreciation as a dynamic process.

The use of words to describe and express things or people, as well as the expression of one's inner thoughts and opinions or evaluations of external things and people.

The charm of literary works lies in the appreciation, admiration and inspiration of others, and some of them have been praised for thousands of years. For example, "Book of Songs", "Mulan Ci", "Luo Shen Fu", "Peacock Flying Southeast" and so on.

The characteristics of literature are closely related to the attributes of literature, that is, the characteristics of literature are determined by the attributes of literature.

Literature has the function of pleasing beauty, knowledge and education.

The literary connotation is that the article has a strong lyricism and deep metaphor, and has a kind of artistic conception beauty. Literature is the art of documentary, and this is especially true of realist literature. Literary works describe the various social conditions, make the public clearly understand, and especially arouse the heart of change of people of insight.

It is the human soul that needs to be saved, and in this regard, literature has a huge influence. Leading the masses to reform society through words.

Literature has the function of pleasing beauty, knowledge and education.