Is there a limit to the density of matter in the universe?

Under the current theory, there is no limit to density.

The density formula is =m v, which indicates the mass of the substance contained in a unit volume; For example, under standard conditions, the density of air is gram cubic centimeter, the density of water is 1 gram cubic centimeter, and the density of iron is gram cubic centimeter.

One cubic centimeter is about the size of a dice, and there are many extreme cases in the universe, such as the following:

Earth's core

With a density of up to 15 grams cubic centimeters, 15 times the density of water, the main components are iron and nickel, which shrink the gap between the iron-nickel atoms due to the enormous pressure.

Osmium metal

The densest substance on Earth is the metal osmium, which has a density of up to grams of cubic centimeters.

Sun Core

The density of the solar core, up to 150 grams of cubic centimeters, is the densest place in the solar system; But the average density of the sun as a whole is very low, only gram cubic centimeters.

White dwarfs

White dwarfs have densities of up to 10 tons of cubic centimeters, and white dwarfs are the product of small and medium-mass stars at the end of their evolution; For example, our sun will evolve into a white dwarf in 6 billion years, and the white dwarf will be in an electron degenerate state due to its strong gravitational pull, which makes the outer electrons of the internal atoms severely squeezed.

Neutron stars

The density of a typical neutron star is as high as 100 million billion cubic centimeters, which is far more than the density of Earth's material, equivalent to the mass of a white dwarf star the size of a dice, and about the mass of a mountain; If the Earth were compressed to neutron star density, it would be only about 20 meters in diameter.

Neutron stars are between times the mass of the Sun to three times the mass of the Sun, and the neutron degenerate pressure resists the gravitational pull, and if the mass of the neutron star continues to increase, the neutron star will continue to collapse into quark stars or black holes.

Quark stars

With a density of at least 1 billion cubic centimeters, it is an astronomical predicted object that has not yet been discovered.

Black hole singularity

According to the general theory of relativity, the singularity of a black hole is infinitely small in size and infinitely dense. Black holes have been confirmed by astronomy, but there are no theories that can quantitatively describe the situation inside black holes. The question of the singularity of black holes is also a difficult problem in current physics.

There is also a lot of controversy about the explanation of the infinity of black hole density, which may be the result of divergence caused by the imperfection of current theories. For example, in Newtonian mechanics, when two objects are infinitely close, the law of gravitation describes the infinity of gravitational force between them, and if the atomic structure of quantum mechanics is considered, there will be no gravitational divergence.

A: Theoretically, there is no limit. Because the singularity is hot and dense according to the description and cannot be measured by the size of the space, this singularity appears to be denser than all matter.

At present, what our science and technology can observe or study is that there is no limit to the density of matter in the universe, but there are still too many unknown things in the universe, perhaps our technology has not yet reached it.

There is a limit to the density of matter in the universe, because this has to be theorized from the discovery that black holes have a certain density, and the tiniest planets were first discovered at the Kepler Observatory.

At least as far as current scientific theory is concerned, there is no limit to the density of all matter in the universe. It's like the energy of the sun is always getting a little bit stronger.

The least dense element in nature is hydrogen, which has a density of about kilograms and cubic meters at one atmosphere, and the densest is osmium, which reaches a density of tons and cubic meters, which is higher than any other element! And the easiest thing to remember is water, a cubic meter of water is a ton!

The three densities in the above figure are relatively large elements, so are there any elements in nature that are denser than osmium? I'm sorry no, even if the earth's core material is only a ton of cubic meters, which is only about half of the osmium metal! Although the density of osmium on Earth has reached its limit, it is hardly even a threshold in the universe, because the mass in the center of the Sun reaches 150 tons of cubic meters, which is about 7 times that of osmium and 150 times the empty lead of water!

The density of the sun's future white dwarfs will be even greater, because the current sun is supported by radiation pressure, and the core is not squeezed by the supermassive shell, and in the future, after the hydrogen element is exhausted, it will lose the support of radiation pressure, and under the huge pressure, the electrons will be pressed around the nucleus, and finally gather in a very small space to form electron degenerate substances, and its density has reached about 10 million tons of cubic meters!

But the final outcome of the future of stars with greater masses than the sun is not a white dwarf, but after the supernova explosion abandons the shell, the inner core will collapse into a blind neutron star under the action of its own huge mass, and the high pressure presses the electrons outside the nucleus into the nucleus, and neutralizes with the neutrons to become neutrons, so the theoretical neutron star will no longer have protons, but in fact the neutron star is not neutrons from the outer channel, but has the structure shown above! And its density reaches 8 11 10 12 tons of cubic meters, which is about 100 trillion times the density of water!

Stars with a greater mass than the formation of neutron stars will have their inner cores collapse into black holes (inner cores greater than times the mass of the Sun) in future endings, although there is a theory that there may also be a quark star between the black hole and the neutron star, but it has never been confirmed! Therefore, the densest matter in the universe should be black hole matter! Because it is a point that cannot be measured in size, and no matter how much matter it swallows, it is still a good point in the shape of a bucket, and only the constantly oversized horizon shows that its mass has swelled to unimaginable proportions!

But there is also a large ** singularity of the universe in transmission that must be mentioned, because according to the description, it is a high-temperature and dense singularity, but there is a very interesting phenomenon that when the universe has not yet happened, it is impossible to measure this singularity by the size of space, because time and space and all matter are in this singularity, it seems that from this point of view, this singularity, although it seems to be denser than all matter, cannot be described! What do you think?

10.The tiniest planet.

9.Falmi Balance Bubble of the Milky Way.

8.Planet "Theia".

7.Sloan Great Wall.

6.The tiniest of the black slow nucleus.

5.The smallest galaxies.

4.The largest impact crater.

3.The closest perihelion to the Sun is the disturbed asteroid.

2.The oldest quasar.

1.Titan (also known as Titan).

In nature, the density of water is 1 gram cubic centimeter, but this has a temperature condition, and the density of mercury is as high as that, and the density of ** is gram cm, and the king of density in nature is osmium metal, which reaches a density of gram cm!

The density of matter is closely related to the atoms that make up its structure and their arrangement, and the reason why we are able to theorize the density of pure metal solids is because we know the atomic weight, the distance between atoms, and the arrangement between atoms, and then calculate the density through simple mathematics. Since the density of matter is related to its atomic weight, distance, and arrangement, is there an upper limit to the density?

If you look at the Earth's core, which is as dense as 15 grams cubic centimeters, 15 times the density of water, and is mainly composed of iron and nickel, the gap between the iron and nickel atoms shrinks due to the enormous pressure.

The solar core, the density of the solar core, up to 150 grams cubic centimeters, is the densest place in the solar system; But the average density of the sun as a whole is very low, only gram cubic centimeters.

Theoretically, under certain conditions, the density of matter can reach unimaginable degrees by changing the internal atomic arrangement structure! And the white dwarf is the first star crack in this microcosm on the road to increasing density!

Because the inner core of the star is constantly undergoing nuclear reactions, forming a balancing effect with gravity, when the expansion caused by the nuclear reaction is greater than the gravitational effect, the whole star is expanding outward, and when the expansion produced by nuclear fuel is not enough to resist gravity, the star will collapse (gather), and the star with 8-10 times the mass of the sun collapses into a white dwarf under the tremendous pressure of the inner core, and the electrons in the atoms of its matter are shouted to be pressed very close to the nucleus, and exist in a state of electron degenerate pressure support! At this time, the density of the white dwarf reached 10 tons cm!

When the mass of the star continues to increase, such as a star less than 25-30 times the mass of the sun, and the supernova explosion in the later stage of the red giant, the inner core will be in an extremely high-pressure state under the huge mass, and the electrons will be pressed into the nucleus and protons to form neutrons, and the electrons will no longer exist, and the whole celestial body will be left with neutrons after neutralizing the charge, and the average density of neutron stars will be as high as 100 million 1 billion tons cm!

Further up, if it is 30 times the mass of the sun, the collapse of the star will form a black hole, its density will be higher than that of neutron stars, we have no way to calculate the density of the black hole, there is a theory that the black hole singularity is the limit of the density, but the situation inside the black hole, there is no theory to quantitatively describe; The question of the singularity of black holes is also a difficult problem in current physics. Whether the density of black holes is the limit is inconclusive.

But no matter which definition is made, the density of black holes is the highest in human knowledge, and it may no longer be possible to describe this kind of celestial body that exists like a bug in three-dimensional space, or it seems more appropriate to describe it in terms of the degree of spatial distortion!

No one has given an exact value for the ultimate density of matter, but according to the theory of relativity, the ultimate density of matter is in a black hole, where the atomic structure, the nuclear structure, and even the protons, neutrons, and electrons are destroyed, that is, the quark may also be torn apart.