What are the ancient Chinese timing instruments and what are the ancient timing tools?

Ancient Chinese Chronograph Instruments (1) - Gui Watch.

Ancient Chinese Timing Instruments (2) - Sundials.

Ancient Chinese Chronograph Instruments (3) - Missing Engraving.

Ancient Chinese Timing Instruments (4) - Armillary Sphere.

Ancient Chinese Chronograph Instruments (5) - Celestial Instruments.

Ancient Chinese Timing Instruments (6) - Water Transport Instrument Elephant Stage.

Gui table. It is an astronomical instrument for measuring the length of the sun shadow in ancient China, which is composed of two parts: "gui" and "table". The poles and stone pillars that stand upright on the flat ground to measure the shadow of the sun are called tables; The stereotype that measures the length of the shadow in the direction of due south and north is called kyu.

Sundial Sundial, also known as "day gauge", is a kind of timekeeping instrument that uses the sun's shadow to measure the time in ancient China. It usually consists of a copper hand and a stone disc.

Missing engraving is an instrument for measuring time in ancient China. The copper kettle leakage engraved in the Palace Museum in Beijing is made in 1745 A.D., the water of the top leaky pot flows out from the dragon's mouth with exquisite carving, and flows down the pot in turn, there is a bronze man on the lid of the quiver as if reporting the arrow shaft, the arrow shaft is engraved with 96 grids, each grid is 15 minutes, and people report the time according to the sign where the bronze man holds the arrow shaft.

The armillary sphere is an observation instrument used in ancient China to measure the spherical coordinates of celestial bodies. It is made up of a series of concentric rings that look like a ball. According to some sources, armillary spheres were already used in China to observe celestial phenomena in the middle of the 4th century BC, about 60 years before ancient Greece.

Ancient timekeeping tools include: Gui watches, sundials, leaky pots, hourglasses, oil lamp clocks, candle clocks, etc.

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The five types of timekeepers in ancient times were the Gui watch, the sundial, the missing carving, the hourglass, and the armillary sphere. The sundial is composed of copper hands and stone discs, the leakage is made up of the water surface of the leaky pot, the time is indicated by the arrow scale meter marker, the hourglass is driven by quicksand, and the armillary sphere is used to observe the time of the stars.

Five types of timers in antiquity

1. Gui table

nbsp;Gui watch is the simplest structure of ancient Chinese structure to measure the length of the sun shadow instrument, is a pole standing upright on the flat ground and a north-south direction of the two parts of the vertical composition, according to the noon measurement of the length of the shadow can deduce the 24 solar terms, the length of the shadow periodic changes can determine the number of days in a year.

2. Sundial

nbsp;The sundial is composed of a copper pointer and a stone disc, the pointer is also known as the sundial needle, perpendicular through the center of the disc, riding the role of the center of the watch, the stone disc is called the "sundial face", showing a trend of high in the south and low in the north, so that the sundial is parallel to the equatorial surface of the sky, so that the title corresponds to the north and south celestial poles, the sundial is engraved with twelve hours, representing the 12 hours of the day, and most of the sundials show the solar time.

3. Missing engraving

nbsp;In the leakage carving, "leak" refers to the leaky pot, and the engraving refers to the arrow carving, which is represented by the water surface of the leaky pot, and then through the scale meter mark of the arrow carving. According to research, the missing engraving timing in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty is more accurate than the European mechanical clock in the 14th century.

4. Hourglass

nbsp;It is recorded in the "History of the Ming Dynasty" that Zhan Xiyuan created the "five-wheel hourglass" in the Ming Dynasty, and later Zhou Shuxue enlarged the quicksand hole to prevent blockage, and changed it to six wheels. The hourglass and the leak are similar, except that the leak is easy to freeze in winter, so it is changed to a quicksand-driven one.

5. Armillary sphere

The armillary sphere is not unfamiliar to many people, it was made by Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it was driven by water leakage in a secret room, and the time of the stars indicated by the instrument was consistent with the results of astronomical observations. There is a rotation of the sun and the moon on the instrument, and the water wheel drives the muddy elephant, which rotates once a day and rotates 1 365 times a day, and there are two puppets on the instrument, which can beat the drum and report the carving.

The instruments and tools of ancient Chinese timekeeping are:

What are the four great timekeeping tools in ancient times.

1. Gui Table. Also known as, sundial.

Sundial. The "table" in Gui is a pole or stone pillar that stands vertically on the ground; "Kei" is a stone slab that stretches out from the heel of the watch in a horizontal position to the north. Whenever the sun turns due south, the shadow falls on the surface.

By measuring the length of the shadow, you can calculate the time of each solar term, such as the winter solstice and the summer solstice. When the shadow is the longest, the winter solstice has arrived; When the shadow is at its shortest, the summer solstice is coming.

Second, the leakage. It is also known as leaky carving and leaking pot.

There are two main types of leaky pots: draining type and receiving type. Most of the early leaks are drainage. The water flows from the bottom side of the leaky pot, and the lattice fork and the tongue rise again, so that the leaky arrow floating on the water surface of the leaky pot descends with the water surface, and the time is indicated by the scale on the leaky arrow.

Later, the water receiving type was created, in which water was injected into the receiving pot at a constant flow rate from the leaky kettle, and the leaky arrow floating on the water surface of the receiving kettle rose with the water surface to indicate the time, improving the accuracy of timekeeping. Zhinian Liang.

3. Sundial, the original meaning of sundial refers to the shadow of the sun, and later refers to a timekeeping instrument that uses the shadow of the sun to measure the time in ancient times, also known as "day gauge". The principle is to use the direction of the sun's projection to determine and divide the time, usually consisting of a sundial needle and a sundial surface.

Fourth, the incense seal bell. The incense seal bell is an ancient timepiece that became popular in China in the mid-12th century. "The Legend of Di Renjie's Case Breaking".

It also describes the use of incense seal bells in the Tang Dynasty court to keep time: the incense seal bell is a plum blossom with a fortune-shaped brass.

Plate, there are five petals of plum blossoms in the plate, each petal of plum blossoms is wrapped around a circle of incense, after burning, according to the degree of burning of incense to time.

Ancient Chinese Timing Tools:

1. Gui watch: It is the oldest timepiece in China.

2. Sundial: The original meaning refers to the shadow of the sun. The modern "sundial" refers to a kind of timekeeping instrument that used the shadow of the sun to measure the time in ancient times, also known as the "daily rule".

3. Engraving: Missing engraving is a kind of timekeeping tool in ancient times, not only used in ancient China, but also used in ancient Egypt, ancient Babylon and other ancient civilizations.

4. Hourglass: Because the water is easy to freeze in winter, it is driven by quicksand. The quicksand flows from the funnel-shaped sand pit to the sand bucket on the side of the primary wheel, which drives the primary wheel, thereby driving the mechanical gears of all levels to rotate.

5. Incense timing: This method was first used by the monks in the temple, and the size of the incense at that time was about the same, and the time of a stick of incense was about half an hour, that is, an hour now.

6. Water armillary sphere: The water armillary sphere is an instrument that relies on water power to make it work, can imitate the movement of celestial bodies, and can measure time.

Seventh, the bright light leaks.

Sundial, Gui watch, water transport armillary instrument, water transport instrument elephant platform, five rounds of hourglass.