Which doctrine correctly states the nature of heat?

Thermodynamics. Thermodynamics is the study of the properties of thermal motion of matter and its laws from a macroscopic perspective. It belongs to the branch of physics, and it and statistical physics constitute the macro and micro aspects of thermal theory, respectively.

Thermodynamics is mainly the study of the thermal properties of matter from the point of view of energy conversion, which suggests the macroscopic laws that energy follows when converting from one form to another, and summarizes the thermal theory obtained by summarizing the macroscopic phenomena of matter. Thermodynamics does not investigate the microstructure of matter composed of a large number of microscopic particles, but only deals with the thermal phenomena that the system as a whole and the basic laws that must be followed for their change and development.

The essence of heat is the movement of microscopic matter.

Thermal energy refers to the energy possessed by the thermal motion of a microscopic substance.

The essence of temperature is the speed at which microscopic matter moves. The faster the microscopic matter moves, the higher the temperature.

Thermal exercise. Thermal motion refers to the motion of microscopic matter. The forms of thermal motion are divided into flow, vibration, and spin.

1.The form of thermal motion of the molecule is vibration.

Thermal motion of gas molecules. At room temperature and pressure, the average velocity of air molecules is 500 meters per second, and in 1 second, each gas molecule collides with each other 50 billion times. For example:

Once the jasmine blooms, the whole family and even the neighbors can smell the fragrant aroma. Rotting fish and meat will make the surrounding area stench.

Thermal motion of liquid molecules. For example, if you put 1 drop of ink in a glass of water, the ink will slowly spread out and mix completely with the water.

This indicates that the molecules of one liquid are moving into another liquid, or that the molecules of the liquid are constantly moving. Using one cup of hot water and one cup of cold water, drop 1 drop of red ink into each cup and find that the red ink in the hot water cup spreads faster than the cold water cup. This illustrates:

The higher the temperature, the greater the speed of movement of the molecules.

In 1827, Brown in England put Garcinia cambogia powder into water, and then took out 1 drop of suspension and observed it under a microscope and found that the small particles of Garcinia cambogia kept moving in the water, and the direction and speed of each particle changed very quickly, as if they were dancing a chaotic dance.

Thermal motion of solid molecules. For example, if you press a lead plate with a very smooth and clean surface on a gold plate, you can find that after a few months, the lead molecules have escaped into the gold plate, and the gold molecules have also escaped into the lead plate, and in some places even into a depth of 1 millimeter.

If left for 5 years, the gold and lead plates will be joined together, and their molecules will enter each other by about 1 centimeter.

2.The form of thermal motion of atoms is spin. The faster the spin speed of an atom, the larger its vortex radius and the larger its volume.

3.The thermal motion of electrons takes the form of rotation of the nucleus. The spin of the nucleus and the rotation of the nucleus of the electron are mutually causal.

The spinning electrons of the Rao nucleus collide with photons to produce light. The faster the electron nucleus rotates, the higher the frequency of the photon.

4.Plasma thermal movement. When the temperature of the atom reaches a certain point, the electrons separate from the nucleus and become plasma.

For example, the solar wind flows at a speed of 200 800 km/s.

The principles of thermodynamics in physics correctly state the nature of heat. Heat is actually a radiation of energy.

The nature of heat can be checked directly on the Internet.

The essence of thermal energy is actually a macroscopic manifestation of the motion of a large number of microscopic particles. The faster the particles move, the more violently they hit the outside, and the more they appear to be "very hot".

So it also explains why there is absolute zero in temperature, and the temperature of any object cannot be lower than absolute zero. In fact, absolute zero means that the molecules of the object stop moving.

Usually we feel cold and frostbite, but also because the particles in our body move quickly, and after coming into contact with cold objects, the kinetic energy of the body particles is transferred to the cold objects.

Heat and internal energy. The relationship between heat and internal energy is like the relationship between work done and mechanical energy. Heat is a measure of the amount of energy that can change within an object. If thermal equilibrium has not yet been reached between the two regions, then heat is transferred from the hot place in the middle to the lower one.

Any substance has a certain amount of internal energy, which is related to the disordered movement of the atoms and molecules that make up the substance. When two substances of different temperatures are in thermal contact, they exchange internal energy until the temperature of the two bodies is the same, that is, thermal equilibrium is reached. Here, the amount of energy transferred is equal to the amount of heat exchanged.

: The essence of heat is infrared light, which is electromagnetic waves. Heat is generated by the internal vibrations of the particles that propagate electromagnetic waves outward. Temperature reflects the strength of the energy (electromagnetic waves) that an object propagates outward. The more intense the particle motion (the greater the average kinetic energy of the molecule), the higher the temperature.

The nature of heat is microscopically the question of how fast or slow the particles are moving, and the energy that the particles possess relative to an absolutely stationary body.

When you come into contact with a high-temperature object, the particles of the high-temperature object hit you, and the particles of your ** continue to transmit this kinetic energy to the inside, so you feel warm, hot or burning, and even more so is that it is scalded, and this mushy feeling is that the free water molecules are hit by the high-temperature particles first, trying to get out of your **, and the same is true for implementation.

First of all**dry, and then also because of the high temperature, the bonding of organic molecules is violent at the atomic level**, the atoms are freed from the bondage of the bond, and react with oxygen in the air, and some of the unreacted may be carbon, which turns black, and at the same time, your nerve endings are also subjected to thermal decomposition and oxidation and feel severe pain!

If you zoom in to the size of a bullet with this high-temperature ** atom, you will face a terrifying bullet stream that is denser than a rain of bullets!

We don't feel pain when we hold the same bullet in our hands, but if it is a bullet fired from the barrel force, it has a very large kinetic energy for your hand, and you can't hold it at this time, otherwise it will bleed! The motion of particles in the temperature category, because it is tiny, does not cause much harm to us, so we cannot compare it with bullets, but it is essentially the same, there is no difference!

The essence of heat is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of all the molecules moving violently inside the object.

Its external manifestations are the temperature level, the change of volume, and the change of state.

The hot you have here is the adjective "hot".

Or the noun "hot".

The adjective heat is a feeling of a person when the outside temperature is higher than the human body.

The noun heat is heat. It is the energy produced by the work done by the object.

Hot or cold is also a subjective feeling of human beings, so what is its physical essence? Physics has figured it out: "heat" is the manifestation of the disordered movement of the molecules and atoms that make up matter, and we say that the weather is hot in summer and cold in winter, in essence, the disordered movement of molecules in the atmosphere is stronger in summer than in winter

The atmosphere is mainly composed of nitrogen and oxygen molecules, and each molecule rolls in space, and so on, and inside the molecule, the constituent atoms are also shouting that Min is doing relative vibration, and in terms of translational motion, each molecule is moving in a straight line, and if it collides with another molecule, it changes the direction of motion Because the number of molecules is very large, and the frequency of collision between molecules is extremely high, the total motion of atmospheric molecules is chaotic and disorderly, and this is the manifestation of heat If the average velocity of the translational motion of atmospheric molecules is used to represent the strength of the motion, the average velocity is high temperature, which gives people the feeling that it is hotter, and vice versa, it is colder Here we emphasize the disordered motion of molecules Only disordered motion is hot motion, so it is sometimes called thermal motion If it is a molecular beam, each molecule is rushing forward at the same speed, then it has nothing to do with thermal motion

: The essence of heat is infrared light, which is electromagnetic waves. Heat is generated by the internal vibrations of the particles that propagate electromagnetic waves outward.

Temperature reflects the strength of the energy (electromagnetic waves) that an object propagates outward.

The more intense the particle motion (the greater the average kinetic energy of the molecule), the higher the temperature. 

Heat is the movement inside the matter itself.