Questions about weak nuclear forces. The unification of the weak nuclear force with other fundamenta

Neutrons collide with electron neutrinos, and during the collision a force occurs, and this force is the weak interaction force.

It is the force that makes nucleons and quarks repel each other.

The force is divided into strong and weak forces, the nuclear force is strong, and it is divided into strong (s) and weak (w), and the strong nuclear force makes the quark bind, weak. Contrarily. The weak nuclear force repels the quark phase, which can cause the atom to fission and decay (releasing nucleons and energy).

Of course, the strong nuclear force is stronger than the weak nuclear force, but there is a theory that at the end of the expansion of the universe, due to the action of dark energy, if the weak nuclear force is greater than the strong nuclear force, the atoms will disintegrate, and all objects will disintegrate into quarks or even photons. But today's nuclear power. It's still stable.

It is responsible for radioactive phenomena and acts only on particles of matter with spin 1 2, and not on particles with spin or 2, such as photons, gravitons (which have not yet been confirmed), etc. It was not until 1967 that the weak action was well understood after Abdas Salam of Imperial College London and Stephen Weinberg of Harvard proposed a unified theory of weak and electromagnetic effects. The shock caused by this move in the physics community is comparable to Maxwell's unification of electricity and magnetism 100 years ago.

According to the Weinberg-Salam theory, in addition to photons, there are three other particles with a spin of 1, collectively called heavy vector bosons, which carry weak forces. They are called w+ (w positive), w (w negative), and z0 (z zero), each with a mass of about 100 gigae-electron volts (1 gigae-electron volt is 1 billion electron volts). The above theory exhibits a property known as spontaneous symmetry breaking.

It shows that at low energies, some particles that look completely different are in fact just different states of the same type of particle. At high energies, all these particles have phase behavior. This effect is similar to the behavior of a roulette ball on a roulette market.

At high energy (when the wheel is spinning very fast), the ball basically behaves in one way – that is, constantly rolling; But when the wheel slows down, the energy of the ball decreases, and eventually the ball sinks into one of the 37 slots on the wheel. In other words, the ball can exist in 37 different states under low energy. If, for some reason, we can only observe the ball at low energy, we think that there are 37 different types of balls!

Weak interaction (also known as weak force or weak nuclear force) is one of the four fundamental forces of nature, the other three being strong nuclear force, electromagnetic force, and gravitational force. It is responsible for the radioactive decay of subatomic particles, as is the initiation of a process in stars called hydrogen fusion. Weak interactions affect all fermions, i.e., all particles with semi-odd spins.

In the Standard Model of particle physics, the theory of weak interaction states that it is caused by the exchange (i.e., emission and absorption) of the W and Z bosons, and that the excitation is a non-contact force because the weak force is caused by the emission (or absorption) of the bosons. The most famous of this type of emission is decay, which is a manifestation of radioactivity. Heavy particles are unstable in nature, and because the z and w bosons are much heavier than protons or neutrons, the weak interactions work at very short distances.

This interaction is called weak because of its general strength, which is orders of magnitude weaker than electromagnetic and nuclear forces. Most particles decay over time through weak interactions. Weak interactions have a unique property – quark flavor – something that other interactions can't.

In addition, it will also destroy the symmetry and CP symmetry. The flavor change of quarks makes quarks interchangeable between the six flavors. The earliest description of the weak force was in the 1930s and was the Fermi theory of four-fermion contact interaction:

Contact refers to the absence of a distance (i.e., entirely physical contact). But now it is better to describe it in terms of a field with an active distance, even though that distance is short. In 1968, the electromagnetic and weak interactions were unified, and they are two sides of the same force, now called the electroweak force.

The weak interaction is most pronounced in the decay of particles, as well as in the production of heavy hydrogen and helium from hydrogen (the energy of stellar thermonuclear reactions**). Radiocarbon dating uses such a decay, where carbon-14 decays into nitrogen-14 through a weak interaction. It can also produce radiant cold light, which is commonly seen in ultra-heavy hydrogen lighting; It also led to the application of volts (the use of electrons from rays as electrical current) [1].

Reference: *

Weak nuclear force The short-range force that creates the decay of a radioactive nucleus or free neutron acts on all particles of matter, but not on the granular fragments that carry the force of annihilation.