What is the history of mankind and what is the history of mankind?

About 4.5 million years ago, humans and apes began to diverge, giving rise to Australopithecus ramanacus, which later evolved from Australopithecus australopithecus 2 million years ago, and then further developed into modern humans. Regarding the process of human development, it is generally divided into four stages:

1. Early ape-man stage. It lived between 3 million and 1.5 million years ago, and already possessed the basic characteristics of humans, such as being able to walk upright and make simple gravel tools.

2. Late ape-man stage. About 2 million to 300,000 years ago, the body resembled a man, the brain was larger, and it could make more advanced paleolithic tools, and began to use fire, such as the Beijing ape man in Zhoukoudian, Beijing, China.

3. Early Homo sapiens (hominid) stage. Between 100,000 and 200,000 to 50,000 years ago, it gradually broke away from the characteristics of apes and was very close to modern humans, such as Neanderthals in Germany.

4. Late Homo sapiens (newcomer) stage. About 4-50,000 years ago, the evolution of human beings at this time showed a significant acceleration, and the morphology was very similar to that of modern humans, and culturally, there were already the art of carving and painting, and ornaments appeared. For example, in 1933, the cave man on the top of Zhoukoudian Keel Mountain was discovered.

At this time, primitive religions had already arisen and had entered a matriarchal society. In the late Homo sapiens stage, modern humans began to differentiate and form, and spread throughout the world.

Chapter 1 Primitive Societies.

Section 1: The Dawn of Mankind.

1. From creationism to evolution.

2. The role of labor in the origin of human society.

Section 2 The Development of the Productive Forces of Primitive Society.

1. Paleolithic Age.

2. Mesolithic and Neolithic.

3. The era of transition to the metal industry.

Section 3 The Clan System of Primitive Societies.

1. From blood family to clan.

2. Matrilineal and patrilineal clans.

3. Primitive public ownership.

4. The functions of the clan organization.

Section 4 Culture and Art in Primitive Societies.

1. The thinking of primitive people.

2. Primitive religious totems and totem worship.

3. Simple morality.

Fourth, ancient primitive art.

Section 5 The Disintegration of Primitive Societies.

1. Transition from clan communes to rural communes.

2. The emergence of private ownership.

3. The disintegration of the clan.

Chapter 2 The Slave Society.

Section 1: The Emergence of Slavery.

1. The Formation of Slavery.

Second, the slave's **.

3. Slavery is the result of the development of the productive forces of society.

Section 2 Characteristics of the Relations of Production of Slavery.

1. Slaves are slave owners' "talking tools."

2. The slaves' "lack of food" and the slave owners' "wine pond meat forest".

Section 3 Domination of Slave Owners over Slaves.

1. The earliest state apparatus.

2. Invisible spiritual shackles.

Section 4 The Development of the Productive Forces in the Slavery Society.

1. The emergence of slavery was a great advance in human society.

2. New achievements in the field of social production.

3. The emergence and development of cities.

Section 5 Human life has entered the advanced era of civilization.

1. The ancient writing of mankind.

2. The glorious ancient culture.

Section 6 The Demise of the Slave Society.

Chapter III: Feudal Society.

Chapter 4 Capitalist Society.

Chapter 5 Socialist and Communist Societies.

Too much. It can be summarized as: Rise - Development - (Heyday) - Perdition.

Fighting, carnage, generation, generation...

Reasons:1The mode of production of material materials is the material basis for the existence and development of human society, and is the primary premise for all other human activities.

In order to be able to make history, people must be able to live, and in order to live, they first need clothing, food, shelter and other things. Thus, the first historical activity in the history of mankind is the production of the material means themselves to satisfy these needs. 2.

The mode of production of material materials determines the structure, nature and appearance of society. What kind of mode of production there is, what kind of social form there is. Marx said:

The hand-pushed mill produced a society headed by feudal lords, and the steam mill produced a society headed by industrial capitalists. ”3.The development and change of the mode of production of material materials determines the development and change of the entire social history and the replacement of social forms.

In the mode of production of material materials, the productive forces are the most active and dynamic factor, which always has to move forward, while the relations of production are relatively stable. 4.With the development of the productive forces, the original relations of production have changed from the form of the development of the productive forces to the shackles of the development of the productive forces, and from the development suitable for the productive forces to the development of the productive forces.

Only by changing the relations of production can we liberate and develop the productive forces. 5.Along with the transformation of the relations of production, the whole and huge superstructure will also develop and change sooner or later, thus causing the replacement of social forms.

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Human history: The world's earliest fossil of an ape-man was found in 1891 on the Indonesian island of Java, dating from 60 to 800,000 years ago. The Javanese ape-man, together with the Peking man discovered in Zhoukoudian, China, in 1927, was once recognized as the "earliest" human in the world.

At that time, it was believed that the history of mankind was no more than 100,000 years old, and the first human beings appeared in Asia. The Shandong Yiyuan ape man, discovered in China in 1981, belongs to the same era as the Beijing ape-man. However, this theory of the earliest origin of human beings has been overturned by two archaeological discoveries in China.

After the liberation, archaeologists successively found ape-man fossils in Lantian in Shaanxi Province and Yuanmou in Yunnan Province. The Lantian ape-man is 1 million years old, and the Yuanmou ape-man is 1.7 million years old. So, how long is human history?

In the last two or three decades, archaeologists have discovered many ape-man fossils on the African continent, giving us a new understanding of human history. In 1959, an almost complete fossilized ape-man skull and labor tools were found in Tanzania, dated to 1.75 million years ago. In 1972, fossilized ape-man skulls, leg bones and stone tools were discovered in Kenya and dated to 2.6 million years ago.

In 1973, it was reported that fossils of ape-man were found in Ethiopia about 3 million years old or 3 million years ago. From this point of view, human history is not 800,000 years, nor 1.7 million years, but more than 3 million years. As for the earliest place of human appearance, it remains to be determined by more archaeological discoveries.

Li Zhaoxiang, Mou Shuxun, Ma Yanbao's Introduction to the History of Social Development, Chapter 1, Primitive Society.

Section 1: The Dawn of Mankind.

1. From creationism to evolution.

2. The role of labor in the origin of human society.

Section 2 The Development of the Productive Forces of Primitive Society.

1. Paleolithic Age.

2. Mesolithic and Neolithic.

3. The era of transition to the metal industry.

Section 3 The Clan System of Primitive Societies.

1. From blood family to clan.

2. Matrilineal and patrilineal clans.

3. Primitive public ownership.

4. The functions of the clan organization.

Section 4 Culture and Art in Primitive Societies.

1. The thinking of primitive people.

2. Primitive religious totems and totem worship.

3. Simple morality.

Fourth, ancient primitive art.

Section 5 The Disintegration of Primitive Societies.

1. Transition from clan communes to rural communes.

2. The emergence of private ownership.

3. The disintegration of the clan.

Chapter 2 The Slave Society.

Section 1: The Emergence of Slavery.

1. The Formation of Slavery.

Second, the slave's **.

3. Slavery is the result of the development of the productive forces of society.

Section 2 Characteristics of the Relations of Production of Slavery.

1. Slaves are slave owners' "talking tools."

2. The slaves' "lack of food" and the slave owners' "wine pond meat forest".

Section 3 Domination of Slave Owners over Slaves.

1. The earliest state apparatus.

2. Invisible spiritual shackles.

Section 4 The Development of the Productive Forces in the Slavery Society.

1. The emergence of slavery was a great advance in human society.

2. New achievements in the field of social production.

3. The emergence and development of cities.

Section 5 Human life has entered the advanced era of civilization.

1. The ancient writing of mankind.

2. The glorious ancient culture.

Section 6 The Demise of the Slave Society.

Chapter III: Feudal Society.

Chapter 4 Capitalist Society.

Chapter 5 Socialist and Communist Societies.

Appendix: Syllabus for self-study examination of "History of Social Development".

Postscript You can also go to the "Bettensmann Book Friends Association" and ask if there are any other books!

Human history is now recorded over 6 million years. Humanity goes through four stages of development after becoming fully formed human beings:

One is the early ape-man, also known as Homo sapiens, which appeared between 3 million and 2 million years ago.

The second is the late ape-man, also known as Homo erectus. Its age ranged from about 1.8 million to 230,000 years ago.

The third is early Homo sapiens, also known as the ancients. It lived between 200,000 and 40,000 years ago.

The fourth is Late Homo sapiens, also known as Homo sapiens. Appeared 40,000 years ago to the present. Late Homo sapiens is modern humans.

Re-analysis of a skull dating back 100 million years has revealed that it was an early member of modern jawed vertebrates, meaning that the jaws include tens of thousands of living species of vertebrates, reptiles, mammals, and humans, from fish to birds. Acanths existed in the earliest pre-evolutionary periods of sharks and bony fishes, and this lineage eventually continued into human life.

Scientists have found fossils of the genus Echinosa in Europe, North America and Australia. Compared to other spiny sharks, they are relatively large, measuring 1 foot (about a meter) long, they have gills instead of lungs, and they have large eyes that feed on plankton.

The Cenozoic Era, which is about 70 million years ago, is the era of mammals and humans.

In the Paleocene (about 70 million years ago) of the Tertiary period of the Cenozoic Era (about 70 million years ago to 3 million years ago), advanced mammals were born;

The earliest primates appeared in the Eocene (about 60 million years ago); In the Oligocene (about 40 million years ago), monkeys and apes arose among primates;

During the Miocene (about 25 million years ago), Australopithecus spread across Eurasia; By the Pliocene (about 12 million years ago), Australopithecus gradually transformed into humans.

One is the early ape-man, also known as the capable man. Appeared between 3 million and 2 million years ago.

The second is the late ape-man, also known as Homo erectus. Its age ranged from about 1.8 million to 230,000 years ago.

The third is early Homo sapiens, also known as the ancients. It lived between 200,000 and 40,000 years ago.

The fourth is Late Homo sapiens, also known as Homo sapiens. Appeared 40,000 years ago to the present.

Human history is now recorded over 6 million years.

Since the 80s of the 20th century, many human fossils have been found around the world. The most important of these are the discovery of the Aphyllum ape (a subspecies of Archaeopteryx) in the Alpha lowlands of Ethiopia from 1992 to 1995, 4.4 million years ago.

In 1998, another, more ancient subspecies of the terrestrial ape (the ancestral subspecies) was discovered in the same area, dating from 5.2 million to 5.8 million years ago.

In 2000, the 6 million-year-old primitive man (Tugen species) was found in the Tugen Mountains of Kenya, Africa, and is commonly known as millennial because it was found in 2000 at the turn of the millennium. Thus, the history of mankind is now recorded for 6 million years.

The appearance of apes

The appearance of apes can be traced back to the geological Oligocene. The earliest known ape is the proto-superior ape discovered in Fayon, Egypt, in 1911, and lived 35 million 30 million years ago. Slightly later than the original apes, there is the Egyptian Australopithecus discovered in Fayon in 1966 and 1967, which lived about 28 million 26 million years ago.

Earlier, there are the forest Australopithecus, first discovered in Saint-Goudin in France in 1856, and later found in many parts of Europe, Asia and Africa, with a life age of about 23 million 10 million years. It is likely that these apes were the common ancestors of the hominid apes and modern humans.

On June 6, 2013, the top international academic journal "Nature** published the results of Ni Xijun, a researcher at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and others, who analyzed a series of morphological characteristics of one of the oldest primate fossils after 10 years of research, thus proving that apes originated about 55 million years ago.

Previously, the earliest ape fossils discovered by the scientific community came from 45 million years ago, and this achievement pushed the history of human ancestors by 10 million years, which can be called a milestone in the history of primate and paleohuman research.

There is a lot of controversy about the development of human beings, Darwin's "Theory of Evolution" said that all animals will survive due to the evolution of the environment, and evolution is a slow process, it takes a long time to be a gradual change, he thinks that human beings are developed from apes, and the current classification is: early ape-man stage, late ape-man stage, early Homo sapiens, late Homo sapiens, that is, our modern man.

However, there is a lot of evidence that does not support this view, because there are many faults in the evolution of apes so far, and many connected fossils have not been found.

There is also a point of view that those who are disconnected are apes that later went down to the sea and became sea apes and returned to land, because humans have many characteristics similar to marine mammals, such as less body hair ** fat under the body, while other mammals do not have such characteristics, the general mammals are under the hair is the skin, there is no fat under the skin, but so far no fossils of sea apes have been found, so there is also a lack of strong evidence.

Another saying is that it originated from extraterrestrial civilizations, was created by extraterrestrial intelligent life and then developed and evolved on the earth, in many myths there are legends of gods creating man, the Great Flood, and giants, this is the myth consistency, mythology is a carrier of earlier history, there was no writing in the early days, so it can only be taught orally, history and knowledge can only be taught orally, and there is a legend of this Siladry word, and when it is taught orally, with the passage of time, the facts may add some stories and exaggerations to form myths, Therefore, we should look at mythology correctly and not just think of it as just stories, so to speak, mythology is a prehistoric history book.

The last point of view is that human beings originally existed, and scientists of ultra-ancient civilizations found in archaeology can't make a good explanation, because this is contrary to the history of human development, such as human footprints on the trilobite fossils found in the United States, and alloy crafts in stones tens of thousands of years ago, most scientists can't explain them to avoid solving them, and some have made explanations: the earth's intelligent life cycle theory, that is, the earth appears at a certain stage of advanced intelligent life and then goes extinct like dinosaurs, Then it goes to the next stage of evolution again, and there is a higher intelligent life again.

I know of the history of human development in a few ways.