The practical significance of maintaining a balance between population and land in Shang Ying

Ancient Chinese thinkers have long put forward the idea that population and land should be compatible, including the idea of moderate population growth. Although Confucius and his disciples advocated multiplying the population, believing that "there is land for a man, and there is wealth for the land" (The Book of Rites, the University), they have begun to pay attention to the problem of adapting the population and the land in quantity. The first to explicitly put forward the idea that the population and the land should be compatible, was the Book of Shang Jun, which held that the prosperity and strength of the country lie in the agricultural war, and in order to do a good job in agriculture, the population and the quantity of land should be commensurate

If the land is narrow and the people are the people, the people will prevail over the land; If the land is vast and the people are few, the land is better than the people" ("Counting the Land"). It even specifically calculated the "law of the first king's division of land and people", that is, a certain proportion of arable land is enough to live in 50,000 cultivators. The book "Pipes" also attaches great importance to the issue of the appropriate ratio of population to land.

In the "Riding Horses" and other articles, it is proposed that "all land is in real numbers", that is, various types of land are converted into standard cultivated land areas according to their respective incomes, so as to compare them with the number of people. It claims that "the rich people have a need, the food people have a rate, and the rate of thirty acres is enough for the age of death" ("Forbidden Collection"). According to this criterion, "all fields, the crowd of ten thousand families, and the edible place of fifty li can be sufficient" ("Eight Views"), that is, the moderate population of the field of fifty miles is "the crowd of ten thousand families".

It also believes that if there is land, it must be cultivated, and if there is a population, they should be diligent in farming, otherwise "the land is big and you don't do it, and you will be said to be full; If the people ignore it, they will be said to be full" ("Ba Yan"), and they cannot maintain the balance between population and land. Wang Fu of the Eastern Han Dynasty pointed out more clearly that the population and land must be commensurate: "There are many people in the soil, and it is said that the wealth is a void, and it can be attacked."

The land is small and the people are not their people, but they can be exhausted. Therefore, the people of the land must be commensurate" ("The Theory of the Hidden Husband: The Real Side"). This epitomizes the ancient Chinese idea of moderate population growth.

The most practical significance is that you can refer to the current real estate market in China, the housing prices in big cities such as Beijing and Shanghai and your home city.

Personally, I think it's very simple, the ratio of land to population must be maintained, because if there are more people and less land, the per capita land will be less, the income will be limited, and the standard of living will not be high. However, if there are fewer people and more land, it will lead to a waste of land resources, and a lot of land cannot be cultivated. It is also related to China's current family planning policy, which in ancient times generally had fewer people and more people, because of war, and the limited level of medical care, the population was declining rapidly.

The Shang Dynasty Reform Law abolished the Jingtian system (the Jingtian system was state-owned land), recognized private ownership of land, and allowed land to be bought and sold freely. The fact that land can be bought and sold freely marks the establishment of private ownership.

The reason why the Qin State was backward in the past and was "despised by Rong Di" by the six eastern countries was because of the underdevelopment of agriculture. The Shang Dynasty changed the law to abolish the well field system and rewarded cultivation and weaving, which encouraged the people's confidence in farming.

The abolition of the well-field system is equivalent to recognizing the private ownership of land, improving the people's enthusiasm for production, developing agriculture, and increasing the country's tax revenue, which is also one of the reasons for the success of the reform and the prosperity of the Qin state.

Because the Shang Dynasty Reform Law abolished the well field system in the form of law, recognized the private ownership of land, and allowed land to be bought and sold freely.

Under the law, people were allowed to open up land, land could be bought and sold freely, and taxes were paid equally according to the amount of land each person occupied. The legal recognition of private ownership of land and the sale of land undermined the production relations of slavery.

The Shang Dynasty Reform Law abolished the Jingtian system (the Jingtian system is state-owned land), recognized the private ownership of land, and allowed land to be bought and sold freely. The fact that land can be bought and sold freely marks the establishment of private ownership.

Why is land allowed to be bought and sold freely?

Politics: This is the current of historical development.

Economy: The advent of "iron plough and ox ploughing" has greatly increased productivity.

Military: Reward military merits and improve the combat effectiveness of troops.

Individual: Shang Yang represents the interests of the landlord class of the land.

In the Shang Dynasty Reform Law, the wells and fields were abolished, the state ownership of land was abolished, and the private ownership of land was implemented. That is, the nature of land has changed from state-owned to private.

However, in the reform of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the land was divided into peasants for cultivation, and the nature of the land was still state-owned.

Hello. Private ownership of land is practiced, and free buying and selling is allowed.

Recognition of private ownership of land and allowing free buying and selling [this is to consolidate the interests of the landlord class].

In the Qin state, commoners did not have private land, and land sales and hereditary inheritance were not allowed.

The land granted to the common people was based on the state distribution system. Civilians in adulthood when the government directly allocates the land, in the war are all soldiers, the whole country is a soldier, "a people in the war", in peacetime do not fight on the farm, but a war must be mobilized according to the roster to join the army to open the front line, in the front line as long as "can get the first one, the reward of the first class, the benefit of the field of one hectare, the benefit of the house nine acres, except for the concubine, is the official of the soldiers", one hectare of the field, is the number of fields. That is to say, soldiers with military merits can be doubled to grant land, and send a "concubine" to help with farming.

Such a field of military merit must be "harvested by the dead field".

There is only one way to get rich in Qin: military merit. The specific reward method is: those who can get the first one, the first level of reward, one hectare of Yitian, nine acres of Yizhai, and one except for one concubine, is an official who can enter the army.

This is a unique reward in ancient and modern China and abroad, as long as you behead the enemy's armor, you will have officials, mansions, and concubines. This is also the origin of Qin's "first merit".

"Opening the Qianmo Frontier" means removing the Qianmo Frontier, which symbolizes the state-owned land, abolishing the slavery system of land state-ownership, and implementing private ownership of land. The well field system was abolished by law and private ownership of land was established. The decree stipulates that people are allowed to open up land, that land can be bought and sold freely, and that taxes are to be borne equally according to the amount of land each person occupies.

Since then, although Qin ** still owns some state-owned land, such as unowned barren land, mountains, forests, rivers and rivers, and newly occupied land in other countries, it has gradually turned to private ownership.

Shang Ying: Abandoned Jingtian Kaiqian Mo 1, by the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the land ownership was changed from the king of Zhou to the landlord's private land; 2. Laborers changed from commoners and slaves to peasants; 3. The cultivation mode of land has changed from thousands of couplings to individual farming; 4. The fundamental reason for the above changes is the use of iron tools and the popularization of cattle ploughing, which led to the expansion of private land, the establishment of the feudal exploitation system based on private ownership of land, the development of social economy, and the change of social nature. I hope it will be helpful to the landlord, thank you for adopting!

Abandoned well fields, open up a strange place. Private ownership of land is recognized, and free buying and selling is allowed.