The composition of the mesosphere above the Earth? What is the structural center layer of the Earth

Atmosphere. In geological terms, the earth is surrounded by this thick layer of atmosphere. The composition of the atmosphere is mainly nitrogen, which accounts for; Oxygen occupies; argon occupies; There is also a small amount of carbon dioxide.

Noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon) and water vapor. The density of air in the atmosphere decreases with altitude, and the higher the air, the thinner it becomes. The thickness of the atmosphere is about 1,000 kilometers or more, but there are no clear boundaries.

The entire atmosphere exhibits different characteristics with different altitudes, and is divided into troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and fugitive layer, and above it is interstellar space. Finish.

Hello. You can calculate what the average amount of Martian atmosphere is.

The above calculations are rough because the sum of the volume fractions of the three gases is, not 100%)

Whereas, the average amount of air is about 29

Therefore, it can be seen that the density of the Martian atmosphere is greater than that of the Earth's air, about a number of times.

Mass fraction of n2 = total mass of n2 total atmospheric mass = (n2 density volume) (atmospheric density volume).

Because the n2 density is constant, only three other variables need to be considered.

On Mars, the N2 volume is smaller and the atmosphere is denser, and now only the volume of the Martian atmosphere needs to be considered.

According to geography, Mars is slightly smaller than Earth, so the volume of the Martian atmosphere should also be slightly smaller than that of the Earth's atmosphere.

In other words, the total atmospheric mass of Mars and Earth is basically the same (Mars has a greater atmospheric density than the Earth and a smaller volume than the Earth), which belongs to the same order of magnitude.

In this case, it is only necessary to compare the volume fraction of N2, which is obviously too much different from 78% (more than 20 times), and the mass fraction of Martian N2 must be smaller than that of Earth.

As for d, the word rare is also relative, and the argon content on the earth is not small, accounting for about the volume fraction), ranking 3rd among all gases, second only to N2 and O2. It is called a noble gas only because the content of other group 8 gases (He, Ne, XE, etc.) is really small, so the elemental substances of this group are collectively called rare gases. Mars occupies AR, ranked third, and its content is more than that of Earth, which is obviously not rare.

The composition (volume ratio) of the Earth's atmosphere

Name Volume %

Nitrogen (N2).

Oxygen (O2).

Water vapor (H2O).

Argon (AR).

Carbon dioxide (CO2).

Helium (HE).

Neon gas (Ne).

Methane (CH4).

Krypton (kr).

Sulfur dioxide (SO2).

Hydrogen (H2).

Nitrous oxide (N2O).

Carbon monoxide (CO).

Ozone (O3).

Xenon (XE).

Radon (RN) in trace amounts.

Nitric oxide (NO) in trace amounts.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in trace amounts.

The mesosphere, also known as the mesosphere, refers to the atmosphere from the top of the stratosphere to 85 km. Due to the low ozone content in this layer, and at the same time, most of the solar shortwave radiation that can be directly absorbed by nitrogen and oxygen has been absorbed by the upper atmosphere, so the vertical decline rate of temperature is very large, and the convective movement is strong. [1]

From the outside to the inside, the earth can be divided into the crust, upper mantle, lower mantle, outer core, and inner core.

The Earth's interior, like other terrestrial planets, can be divided into layers based on chemical or physical (rheology) properties. However, there is a clear difference between the inner core and outer core of the Earth, which is a feature not found in other terrestrial planets. The outer layer of the Earth is the crust of silicate minerals, and the mantle underneath is made up of a layer of viscous solids.

The angular velocity of the inner core rotation is likely to be faster than that of the rest of the Earth, about the same as per year. The radius of the inner core is 1220 km, which is about 1 5 of the radius of the Earth.

Diagram of the Earth's tectonics.

The structure of the Earth's sphere is divided into two parts: the Earth's outer sphere and the Earth's inner sphere. The Earth's outer sphere can be further divided into three basic spheres, namely the hydrosphere, the biosphere, and the atmosphere. The Earth's inner sphere can be further divided into three fundamental layers, namely the crust, mantle, and core. The top of the Earth's crust and upper mantle (above the asthenosphere) is made up of hard rocks, synthetically lithosphere.

The internal structure of the Earth: The two interfaces between the three layers of the crust, mantle and core are called the Moho surface and the Gutenberg surface in turn.

The Earth's interior is divided into three concentric spheres: the crust, the mantle, and the core; The earth's crust is divided into two parts, upper and lower, and the material structure of each part is different. It is a solid layer of soil and rock, called the lithosphere; The mantle is divided into the upper mantle layer and the lower mantle layer; The Earth's crust and mantle are mainly composed of silicate rock material; The Earth's core is further divided into an outer core and a core.

The Earth's core is mainly composed of iron and nickel materials, and the temperature is about 4000.

Below the Earth's crust is the Earth's mesosphere, called the "mantle", which is about 2,865 kilometers thick and is mainly composed of dense rock-forming material, which is the largest and most massive layer in the Earth's interior. The Earth's mantle can be divided into two layers, the upper mantle and the lower mantle, and it is generally believed that there is an asthenosphere at the top of the upper mantle, which is presumably due to the large concentration of radioactive elements.

The central layer is the core; In the middle is the mantle; The outer layer is the earth's crust. The crust and mantle are bounded by the Moho plane, and the mantle and core are bounded by the Gutenberg plane. **Usually occurs in the earth's crust.

The interior of the earth's crust is constantly changing, and the force generated by this code makes the crustal rock layers deform, fracture, and displace, so that ** occurs.

Super ** refers to the large ** that refers to the extremely strong shock wave. However, its occurrence accounts for 7% of the total 21%, and the degree of destruction is several times that of the atomic bomb, so the super ** impact is very extensive and very destructive.

Internals of the Earth's core:

These special cases inside the Earth's core are difficult to simulate even in the laboratory, so little is known about them. But there is one thing that scientists are convinced of: the interior of the earth is a world of extreme unrest, and all kinds of materials in the interior of the earth are always in constant motion.

Some scientists believe that the various layers of matter in the earth's interior not only have a local flow in the horizontal direction, but also have convective movements between the top and bottom, but the speed of this convection is very small, only about 1 centimeter per year. Some scientists have also speculated that the material inside the Earth's core may be subjected to the gravitational pull of the sun and moon and cause rhythmic vibrations.

Core Temperature:

In May 2013, through new experiments, scientists determined that the temperature of the Earth's core was 6,000 degrees Celsius, nearly 1,000 degrees Celsius higher than the previous estimate of 5,000 degrees Celsius, and its heat was comparable to that of the sun's surface.

The researchers used X-rays to study how iron grains melt and form by subjecting iron samples to extreme high-pressure conditions to detect the behavior of iron grains. The Earth's inner core is a solid iron ball about the size of the Moon, and the outer core that moves violently around it is mainly composed of a liquid iron-nickel alloy.

Experiments conducted in the early 90s determined the "melting curve" of iron, and they noted that the temperature of the Earth's core was 5000 degrees Celsius. However, the latest test team used the world's strongest X-ray source at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility to reproduce the same pressure as the Earth's core. To do this, the team uses a device called a diamond-to-anvil (DAC), in which a tiny sample of a keyed chamber is placed between the tips of two hidden blocks of precision-machined synthetic diamonds.

The Earth's mantle sits between the Earth's crust and core, and its depth generally ranges from 33 km to 2,900 km below the ground, accounting for about one of the Earth's total volume. Because it is in the middle of the earth's crust and core, it is also called the "middle layer".

The mantle can be divided into two layers, upper and lower. The upper mantle is composed of silicon, oxygen, iron, magnesium and other elements, of which the iron and magnesium content is more than that of the earth's crust, so this layer is also called the mantle silicon magnesium layer. It is believed that the matter here is in a state of local melting, acting like a conveyor belt, driving the earth's crust to move slowly and prompting the exchange of materials from the lower layers of the earth with those of the upper layers.

It is also the birthplace of magma, from which the basalt, which is widely distributed in the earth's crust, erupts. In addition to the silicate rocks, the metal oxides and sulfides in the lower mantle have increased significantly, and its specific gravity is larger than that of the upper mantle, and it is in a solid state.

It is estimated that the temperature of the mantle layer is as high as 1000 2000, the internal pressure is 90 million atmospheres, and the density of matter is up to 3 centimeters. Under such high-temperature, high-pressure, and high-density environmental conditions, the substance is in a plastic solid state. Like asphalt, it has the properties of a solid in a short period of time, and if it is left for a long time, it will be deformed and plastic.

In the upper layer of the mantle, the material is in a semi-molten state due to the low pressure, which is called the "asthenosphere". The earth's hard crust floats in this asthenosphere. Once a crack occurs in a shallow part of the earth's crust, the scorching magma will erupt out of the ground along the crack, leading to an eruption.

The Earth's interior can be divided into three main levels: the crust, the mantle, and the core.

1. Crust:

The Earth's crust is the outermost layer of the Earth's solid crust, located below the Earth's surface. The earth's crust is mainly composed of rocks and soils and is divided into two types, terrestrial crust and marine crust. The thickness of the earth's crust is about 5 to 70 kilometers, and the thickness of the earth's crust can vary greatly from region to region.

2. Mantle

The Earth's mantle is located beneath the Earth's crust and is the Earth's mesosphere. The thickness of the Earth's mantle is about 2,900 kilometers, which occupies most of the Earth's radius. The Earth's mantle is made up of solid rocks, mainly of elements such as magnesium, iron, and silicon.

The temperature and pressure of the Earth's mantle are high and partially plastic, which has an important impact on the movement of the Earth's crust and the tectonics of the Earth's plates.

3. Core (core):

The Earth's core is located beneath the Earth's mantle and is the innermost level of the Earth. The Earth's core is divided into two parts: the outer core and the inner core. The outer core is mainly composed of liquid iron and a small number of other elements, while the inner core is solid.

The temperature of the Earth's core is very high, and the pressure inside is very great. The diameter of the Earth's core is about 3,480 kilometers, which is about 20% of the Earth's radius.

The outermost layer of the Earth is the atmosphere.

The atmosphere is the outermost layer of gas that surrounds the Earth, and its density decreases with altitude, and the air becomes thinner the upward, and gradually transforms into cosmic space. The exact figure for the upper bound of the atmosphere is still difficult to determine, but according to information obtained by satellites, there are still traces of thin air at an altitude of 2,000 to 3,000 kilometres; At an altitude of 16,000 kilometers, thinner gases or elementary particles are still present.

It is located above the stratosphere, to 85 kilometers above the Earth's surface. Above the mesosphere, up to 500 kilometers above the earth's surface, it is called the thermosphere. In these two layers, there are often many interesting astronomical phenomena, such as auroras, meteors, etc.

Humans also use the thermosphere to achieve short-wave radio communication. The temperature of the lower part of the layer changes very little with the height, and the temperature of the upper part increases with the change of height.