What are the ways to observe things, and what are the six ways to observe?

<> methods of observing things include fixed-point observation, moving observation, propulsion observation, surround observation, ascending observation, temporal observation, category observation, comparative observation, follow-up observation, and practical observation.

1. Fixed-point observation method: based on a certain point, conduct a comprehensive and detailed observation of people or things in a relatively static state.

2. Mobile observation method: The mobile observation method is to constantly change the foothold and observation angle to observe things.

3. Advance observation: first observe the overall situation, then gradually narrow the scope, and finally focus on a representative"Dot", for a detailed observation.

4. Circumferential observation method: based on a certain point, observe the surrounding things in turn.

5. Ascending observation method: choose a higher foothold and condescendingly observe things in the lower places or distant scenes.

6. Temporal observation method: observe according to the passage of time, or the natural order of development and change of things.

7. Category observation method: first classify similar things, and then observe the things that have been classified. This method helps to understand the nuances of things in depth, nuance, and accuracy.

8. Comparative observation method: to discover the similarities, differences or similarities and differences in the development and change process of things through comparison.

9. Follow-up observation method: Observe the development and change process of a certain thing in a long period of time.

10. Practical observation method: It is a comprehensive observation method to feel the characteristics of things through a series of practical activities such as doing, tasting, touching, smelling, listening, and speaking.

Compared with the interview method and questionnaire method, the observation method has both obvious advantages and limitations that are difficult to overcome. In social surveys, the observation method should be used in conjunction with other methods as appropriate, so as to complement each other and give full play to its role.

Advantages of the observation method.

1.Direct. Because the observer is in direct contact with the objective thing being observed, and no other intermediate links are required, the observed results can obtain direct, concrete, and vivid first-hand information.

2.Reliable. As the saying goes, "hearing is false, seeing is believing", "hearing is better than seeing", etc., all of which can illustrate the reliability of observation.

The observer personally goes to the scene and directly observes the social facts or phenomena to be understood, although there may be observation errors, but it still has obvious reliability compared with methods such as interviews.

3.Objective. Observation is generally carried out in a natural state, without the interference of external human factors, and can obtain vivid and simple data, with a certain degree of objectivity.

For example, when consumers observe their purchasing behavior without realizing it, consumers do not have any psychological burden, and their behavior is relatively natural, so the information obtained through observation is more objective and true.

4.Promptly. For those social phenomena or behaviors that are occurring, the timeliness of the observation method investigation and research is incomparable to other methods, and the observer is faced with the "history that is happening", and the information obtained is timely and fresh, which is convenient for the investigator to quickly understand the problem and grasp the situation.

5.Longitudinal. The observation method can repeatedly observe and follow up the observed object for a long time, and can analyze the evolution of the observed object.

For example, you can observe the traffic problems at different times in the community, and observe the changes in the customer flow of a convenience supermarket in the community at different times of the day.

6.Simple.

The observation method is simple and easy, the adaptability and flexibility are relatively strong, the observation task can be large or small, the observer can be more or less, the observation time can be long or short, as long as the investigator arrives at the scene, a certain perceptual knowledge can be obtained. As such, it is one of the most widely used survey methods.

There are some types of data that can only be collected by observation. Observational patterns of behavior that the investigator does not know or cannot communicate can be used, for example, information about children's preferences for toys is best obtained through the behavior of children who are playing with toys, because young children cannot properly express their preferences. Observation can also be taken for some content that should not be asked, such as the flow of customers, traffic, and the number of diners in front of the restaurant.

If the observed phenomena occur very frequently or for a short period of time, observational methods may be used to obtain information more quickly and at a lower cost than other investigative methods.

Six Methods of Scientific Observation:

1.Contrast. study of different color and light mixing and different pigment mixing; study the similarities and differences between evaporation and boiling; Study the similarities and differences between convex and concave lenses.

2.Control variable method.

When one physical quantity is related to two or more other physical quantities, it is common to change only one physical quantity and keep the rest of the physical quantities unchanged, so as to obtain the relationship between the physical quantity under study and the changed quantity.

3.Equivalent substitution.

According to the principle that the effect of action is the same, two forces acting on the same object, we can replace it with a resultant force.

4.Experimental reasoning (idealized experiments).

People often use the method of reasoning to study physical problems.

5.Conversion method.

For things that cannot be seen or touched, or problems that are not easy to be directly observed and recognized, we can understand it through its effects or other ways, which is a commonly used method in physics - the transformation method.

6.Model method.

In order to meet the needs of research, the physical entity or physical process is transformed into a certain model through scientific abstraction, which ignores some secondary factors and highlights the main factors, so this model is called "imaginary model method" and "ideal model".

Establishing a model can help people understand and deal with problems from the essence through phenomena and ignoring secondary factors. Modeling can also help people show complex things and processes, and help people study phenomena that are not easy to even observe directly.

1. Orientation observation method. For the things to be observed, it can be from top to bottom, or bottom to top; and observation from left to right, from the outside to the inside.

2. Primary and secondary observation method. Generally, observations are made in an orderly manner from primary to secondary, from large to small.

3. Timing observation method. Generally, purposeful observations are made in chronological order. For example, morning, noon, evening.

4. Observation method from near and far. Generally, it is near and then far, and it can also be observed from far and near.

5. Hierarchical observation method. It is common to analyze and observe from the whole to the part or from the part to the whole.

6. Periodic observation method. It is a method of observation that is commonly used in the growth process of plants and animals. For the growth of a common animal or a plant. From the perspective of a plant, a series of observations are made from its germination, leaf growth, flowering, fruiting, etc.

7. Dynamic observation method. When observing, pay attention not only to its shape, size, and position, but also to its changes and activities.

8. Multi-party observation method. It is also called multi-angle observation. It is to observe the object to be described from different angles, and finally get a more perfect impression or a deeper experience.

Observation should be based on one person, one thing, one thing, and one scene, generally from the whole to the part, grasping the order, grasping the characteristics, grasping the connection, and combining vertically and horizontally.

Contrasting method: Compare two things observed with each other to find differences. Control variable method.

Changing a certain feature of a thing and recording the changes that occur can summarize the laws of things. Equivalent substitution: The substitution of the observed thing with other familiar things helps to summarize its characteristics.

Experimental reasoning: Set up scientific experiments for the things to be observed, and summarize the characteristics through experimental methods. Conversion method.

Transform what is observed into another form that is convenient for observation. <

The six methods of observation are the contrast method, the control variable method, the equivalent substitution method, the experimental reasoning method, the transformation method and the model method.

1. Comparison method: compare the two things observed with each other and compare the differences.

2. Control variable method: change a certain feature of things, record the changes that occur, and summarize the laws of things.

3. Equivalent substitution method: the observation of things and other familiar things are equivalent to substitution, which helps to summarize its characteristics.

4. Experimental reasoning method: set up scientific experiments for the things observed, and summarize the characteristics through experimental methods.

5. Conversion method: Convert the observed thing into another form that is convenient for observation.

6. Model method: By building a model in the brain, simulating the details of things is also helpful for observation.