How the states of matter are distinguished

All kinds of matter in nature are made up of a large number of microscopic particles. It is called when a large number of microscopic particles aggregate with each other into a stable state at a certain pressure and temperature"A state of matter", referred to as the state of matter. In the 19th century, when people could only distinguish the states of matter according to their macroscopic characteristics, there were only three states, namely solid, liquid and gaseous.

When junior high school talks about the change of the state of matter, it is to talk about the change between these three common states of matter.

When the gaseous substance is at high temperature, the atoms and molecules collide violently and are ionized, or the gaseous substance is irradiated by the rays, the atoms are ionized, and the whole gas contains a sufficient number of ions and negatively charged electrons, and the positive and negative charges are almost equal everywhere under normal circumstances, and this aggregate state is called the plasma state. If a substance is subjected to extremely high pressure, such as a pressure greater than 1.4 million times the atmospheric pressure, the electronic shells of all the atoms that make up the substance will be covered"Squeeze", the electrons are become"Publicly owned", the atom loses its original chemical identity. these"Naked"Under the action of high pressure, the nuclei of atoms will be tightly packed up (of course, no matter how close they are, there will be gaps in the presence and activity of electrons), and become a very dense state (about 30,000 to 650,000 times the density of water), called a super-solid.

Some books refer to the plasma state as the fourth state of matter, and the supersolid state as the fifth state of matter.

You may be misunderstood, there is a kind of glass called "liquid glass", but usually what we call glass is solid glass.

There are four kinds, solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.

I am also vague about this concept, but it can be said that some concepts do not need to be very clear, and the concepts are also set by people, and who sets the standards? For example, there are solid solutions (alloys), gaseous solutions (air), and liquid solutions (many lots).

There are 6 states of matter, which are solid, liquid, gaseous, plasma, ultra-solid, and antimatter.

1. Solid state. Solid state refers to a form of matter that exists, with a basically fixed shape and volume, and no fluidity.

2. Liquid. Liquid state refers to a form in which a substance exists, has a certain fluidity, does not have a fixed shape, but has a certain volume.

3. Gaseous. Gaseous state refers to a form of matter that exists, has no fixed shape and volume, and has great compressibility.

4. Plasma state. The plasma state refers to the separation of the nucleus and electrons by means of high temperature, and finally makes the substance in an electrically neutral state, forming a plasma state.

5. Ultra-solid. Ultra-solid grip refers to a form of matter that is denser than solid and has super hardness, which requires extreme pressure to deform it.

6. Antimatter state. The antimatter state refers to a form of matter that exists, which is composed of vertically curved antiparticles, which are characterized by their mass, lifetime and other properties opposite to the corresponding positive particles.

Principle

According to quantum mechanics, particles can be divided into two categories according to their collective behavior at high density or low temperature: one is fermions, named after the Italian physicist Fermi; The other type is the boson, named after the Indian physicist Bose.

The difference between the properties of these two types of particles is most evident at very low temperatures: bosons are all clustered on the same quantum state, while fermions, on the other hand, are more "individualists", each occupying a different quantum state.

Bose-Einstein condensate "matter is made up of bosons, which behave like a large superatom, while "fermion condensate" matter uses fermions. As matter cools, fermions gradually occupy the lowest energy state, but they are in different energy states, like a crowd swarming up a narrow flight of stairs, a state called "fermion condensation".

There are three states of matter that are commonly seen: gaseous, liquid, and solid. In addition, matter has a "plasma", "supercritical", "supersolid" and "neutron state". A state of matter refers to the appearance of different phases of a substance. Matter is made up of molecules, atoms.

The law of material motion has the following characteristicsFirst, the law is stable.

Second, the law is universal.

Third, the law is repeatable.

Fourth, the law exists in the whole process of material motion, which determines the future and direction of the material motion process.

Fifth, laws are absolute and objective.