What are the principles of logic as the title Thank you

Logic is the science of pure ideas, which are the ideas formed by the most abstract elements of thought. Founded by Aristotle. Description In this section of the preliminary conception of logic, the provisions on logic and other concepts are also applicable to many of the basic concepts of philosophy.

These provisions are created as a result of and for the whole. We can say that logic is the science that studies thinking, the rules and laws of thinking. But it is only the thinking itself that constitutes the universal prescriptiveness or element of the idea that makes it logical.

Ideas are not formal thinking, but the totality of the development of the specific rules and laws of thinking itself, and these rules and laws are given by the thinking itself, and are by no means ready-made things that already exist outside. In a sense, logic can be said to be the most difficult science, because the subject matter it deals with is not intuitive, nor geometrical, but abstract representation of feeling, but purely abstract, and it requires a special ability and skill to be able to go back to pure thought, to grasp pure thought, and to act in pure thought. But in another sense, logic can also be seen as the easiest science.

Because its content is nothing else, that is, our own thinking, and the rules of our thinking, which are at the same time the simplest, the most preliminary, and the most familiar to everyone, such as: existence and non-existence, quality and quantity, self-existence and self-existence, one and many, and so on. However, this familiarity only makes it more difficult to study logic.

Because, on the one hand, we always think that it is not worth the effort to study something so familiar. On the other hand, the way in which logic studies and understands these ideas is different from the way that ordinary people are already accustomed to, or even the opposite. The usefulness of logic depends on how much training it can give to the learner for other purposes.

The education that the learner acquires through the science of logic consists in training the mind, so that the mind is truly pure, for this science is the thinking of the mind. But as far as logic as an absolute form of truth, and especially as far as it is pure truth itself, it is by no means merely something useful. But if the noblest, the freest, and the most independent, that is, the most useful, then logic is not unthinkably useful, but its usefulness is not merely for the formal exercise of the mind, but must be evaluated separately.

The so-called formal logic is the expression of the homomorphism of "quality" under the condition that the stipulation of "quality" remains unchanged. It reflects the "pixels" of things, the accumulation of quantities. That is to say, the deduction of formal logic shows the equivalence of things themselves, that is, in the process of deduction, the qualitative provisions of things cannot change from one qualitative stipulation to another qualitative stipulation.

For example, if the rules are Chinese chess, then in the process of playing chess, the rule of "horse walks the Japanese character" cannot be changed. If a person who plays chess will play the Japanese character for a while, and then the Tian character for a while, he will move whatever is beneficial to him, and this is not allowed. In the deductive process of mathematics, no matter how it changes, both ends of the equation must be equal.

That is to say, in the process of deduction, the elements have to maintain their own qualitative invariance (a = a), and the process of solving any mathematical problem is such a process. Therefore, in the study of mathematical rules by Western scholars, some people say: "Mathematics is a game of numbers under the determination of formal axioms."

And the rules of this game are expressed in the language of formal logic: the law of contradiction a ≠ a is not equal to non a ) the law of identity a = a (a is equal to a) the law of exclusion: a cannot be equal to both a and not a at the same time.

Under these three rules, the analysis and deduction of things is the method of formal logic. The earliest mathematical expression of this method is the "axiomatic rules of geometry" summarized in the Egyptian land survey, and the complete system - geometric primitives is performed. Because of the use of the Geometry Original, a firm belief arose that these axiomatic rules—ideas—are immutable and eternal truths.

This idea of immutability constitutes the origin of mechanical materialism; At the same time, it also promotes the spirit of symbolic interpretation of mathematics. It was not until the advent of modern sciences such as atomic physics and astrophysics that this spirit was broken, and Euclidean geometry developed into non-Euclidean geometry, which broke the original rules of the game in Euclidean geometry, such as the axiom of parallelism. However, over the years, this immutable law has caused people to produce inertial thinking that rejects "change", that is, rejects dialectical thinking.

This makes it difficult for Westerners to accept Chinese metaphysics, Taoism, and science, that is, the study of change.

<>1. The division must be proportionate accordingly, and the sum of the extensions of the children after the division must be equal to the extension of the parent items;

2. The basis for each division must be the same;

3. The extension of the children after division must be mutually exclusive;

4. The division should be carried out step by step according to the level, and the level should not be skipped.

1. The definition must be proportionate accordingly, that is, the extension of the defined item should be exactly the same as the extension of the defined item;

2. The defined items cannot be directly or indirectly included in the defined items;

3. The definition of joint items cannot be denied;

4. The definition items must use clear and precise words, and cannot use figurative sentences and borrowed sentences.

Logic is the study of the mind. All thinking has both content and form. The content of thinking refers to the objects and their properties reflected by thinking; Thought forms refer to the different ways in which they reflect objects and their attributes, i.e., the different ways in which the content of thought is expressed.

From a logical point of view, the three basic forms of abstract thinking are concepts, propositions, and reasoning.

Principle: 1. The definition needs to be proportionate, that is, the extension of the definition term and the extension of the defined term should be exactly the same.

2. The defined item cannot contain the defined item.

3. The definition of joint items cannot be denied;

4. The definition item must use clear words, and cannot use figurative sentences and borrowed sentences.

Logic, as a scientific logic, is both old and young. It has a long history and a long history. It has three main sources:

The formal logic of ancient Greece, the logic of name argumentation of pre-Qin China, and the cause and clarity of ancient India. There are broad and narrow senses of logic. Logic in the narrow sense refers to:

The science of reasoning, that is, the science of only how to derive conclusions from premises. Logic in a broad sense refers to the science that studies the forms of thinking, the laws of thinking, and the logical methods of thinking.

There are four rules for division:

<>1. The division must be proportionate accordingly, and the sum of the extensions of the children after the division must be equal to the extension of the parent items;

2. The basis for each division must be the same;

3. The extension of the children after division must be mutually exclusive;

4. The division should be carried out step by step according to the level, and the level should not be skipped.