A review of the main contents of the modern literary reform movement.

The Literary Reform Movement and the Emergence of Modern Literary Concepts:

1. The poetry revolution with the old style and the new artistic conception;

2. From newspaper style to new style;

3. The first-class revolution that focuses on "building people's hearts";

4. The renewal of the concept of drama and the germination of new civilized plays;

5. Advocate the vernacular movement of "unity of language and literature";

6. Literary Criticism and Modern Concepts of the Lone Wanderer.

After the May Fourth Movement, there were complex contradictions and conflicts between various literary propositions and literary factions. After the end of the twenties, the political consciousness and the background of political groups in this conflict became more prominent, and the scale and intensity of the debate on literary issues became more developed. Since the beginning of the 50s, the struggle in the literary world has continued unabated.

Due to the dominance of political power, such conflicts and debates often evolve into large-scale critical movements unique to contemporary times in terms of nature and method. In the 50s and 70s, the national-scale criticism that took place in the Chinese literary (literary and artistic) circles (Note: the difference between the words "criticism" and "criticism" in modern Chinese is not very significant.

But in contemporary China, the meaning is very different. "Criticism" refers to harsh criticism of statements and actions of a very serious wrong nature.

The Literary Criticism Movement of the 50s was an important event in the history of Chinese literature, which took place between 1951 and 1954, mainly to criticize and reflect on some literary works. These works mainly include **, poetry, drama, etc., the most famous of which are Li Youcai's "Spring Breeze Blows to the Nuomin River" and Lin Jinlan's "White Flowers Wither".

The background of this literary criticism movement is that after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Chinese literature began to enter a new historical period. During this period, the new regime began to strengthen the guidance and control of literature, advocating socialist realist literature and opposing the cultural traditions and literary forms of the old society. At the same time, the new regime also tried to improve the cultural quality of the peasants and workers through education and propaganda.

During this movement, some writers and critics argued that these literary works lacked socialist ideology and artistry, and were a false portrayal and reflection of the peasants and the working class. They believe that these works do not truly reflect the spirit of socialist realism, nor do they reflect the real life, thoughts and feelings of peasants and workers. As a result, they began to critique and reflect on these works.

In the process of criticism, some critics believe that these works have problems such as "theory of human nature", "individualism", and "bourgeois thought". They believe that these works overemphasize the emotions and desires of individuals and ignore the interests and thoughts and feelings of the masses of the people. Therefore, they advocated the method of "socialist realism" in literary creation, emphasizing that literary works should reflect the life, thoughts, and feelings of the masses of the people and embody socialist ideas and values.

In general, the literary criticism movement of the 50s was an important event in the history of Chinese literature, which had a profound impact on the development of Chinese literature and the rise of socialist realist literature.

The impact of the critical movement of the fifties on the development of literature was complex and far-reaching. The following are the possible impacts:

1.Critical movements help to promote the development of literature: These movements help to promote the development of literature, so that writers and scholars pay more attention to social reality and people's lives, so as to create works with more realism and humanistic care.

2.Critical movements can lead to excessive criticism of literature: However, some critical movements can also lead to excessive criticism of literature, resulting in some writers and works being treated unfairly.

3.Some critical movements may also have a negative impact on literary creation, causing some writers and works to be treated unfairly, thus affecting the development of literature.

4.Critical movements may have an impact on literary criticism: Some critical movements may also have an impact on literary criticism, causing some critics and scholars to have a prejudice in the evaluation of literary works, thus affecting the development of literature.

In short, the impact of the critical movement on the development of literature is complex and far-reaching, and needs to be viewed dialectically.

The original intention of the initiators and organizers of the three literary and artistic criticism movements was to carry out socialist transformation of intellectuals, and to standardize their literary and artistic theories and practices into the mainstream ideology, so as to establish a brand-new literary paradigm of the republican nomadic country that conformed to the spirit of the "Speech". As for Hu Feng and others, who did not obey this norm and hindered the establishment of the literary paradigm of the Republic, in the end, of course, they could only adopt political methods to quickly resolve them. Therefore, by understanding the theoretical divergences in the three literary and artistic critical movements, we can basically see some of the main norms of the literary paradigm of the Republic; From the means and methods adopted by the three literary and artistic criticism movements, we can basically see the main mode of operation of the literary paradigm of the Republic.

Answer]: 2 Hu Shih's article "Discussion on Literary Reform" published in New Youth in January 1917 was the first to systematically put forward the idea of literary reform. Its content has the following points:

1) To improve literature, we should start with the "Eight Things". The central content of "Eight Matters of Brief Relatives" is a critique of classical Chinese.

2) Authentic vernacular texts. Hu Shi saw that in order to develop capitalism, some European countries often had a movement to unify their national languages. Therefore, Hu Shi proposed that vernacular literature is the authentic Chinese literature.

In April 1918, when he published "On the Literary Revolution of Construction", he even more clearly declared: "The only purpose of our literary theory is only ten big characters: 'literature in the Chinese language, the Chinese language in literature'."

The literary revolution we advocate is only to create a kind of Chinese literature for the Zhongchao Ling Kingdom. ”

3) Literary concepts. Among the "Eight Things", one of the "things that are only said to have things" is in terms of the content of old literature. He believes that those who "write truthfully about the situation of today's society" and have "lofty thoughts" and "sincere feelings" are true literary scholars.

Hu Shih's above ideas focused on calling for the reform of "literary language", and rarely came into contact with the internal reform of literature. Judging from the above-mentioned "Discussion on the Improvement of Literature", his merit is mainly in advocating the vernacular as authentic.

Answer]: Modern literature began with the Opium War in 1840 and ended with the rise of the "May Fourth" New Culture Movement in 1919. During this period, new changes gradually took place in terms of writers' identity, literary concepts, literary carriers, and recipients, showing obvious characteristics that were different from those of the previous feudal literature, mainly reflected in the following aspects:

First of all, the political and militant nature of literature has become more and more significant with the development of modern society. Gong Zizhen ushered in a new century of modern literature, and most of his poems and essays exposed real problems from the viewpoint of political and social history, and became a tool for social criticism of real politics. Later, Feng Guifen, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and others directly propagated reformist ideas and closely cooperated with reformist political and cultural movements.

The leaders of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom advocated "writing to document", and their poems and writings were the ones that inspired the revolutionary fighting spirit of the people and overthrew the Qing Dynasty. Zhang Binglin, Qiu Jin, and a large number of poets from the Southern Society more consciously made their poetic works serve the national and democratic revolution.

Secondly, the subject matter and content of literature, that is, the field in which literature reflects reality, has expanded unprecedentedly, and poetry, literature, and opera** are all the same. In particular, the poems are particularly prominent. Progressive poets systematically reflect not only many of the major events of recent history, but also, increasingly, new things, new ideas, new knowledge, etc., in the capitalist world.

Thirdly, the fine artistic traditions of realism and romanticism have been inherited and developed. Gong Zizhen first broke through the domination of antiquism and formalism since the middle of the Qing Dynasty and became a romantic poet in the early modern period, but many of his prose and poems also show a profound spirit of realism. Lin Changyi's "Poems of Shooting Eagle Tower" concretely reflects the realist viewpoint of poetry creation, and the works of many progressive writers all focus on exposing the decadence and darkness of realpolitik society, all of which illustrate the continuous upsurge of realist literary thought and creative movement.

Finally, the form, language, and even stylistic characteristics of literature have also changed, that is, they tend to be popular. Huang Zunxian clearly advocates that "I write by hand, I speak", indicating that the poet is trying to break through the old form. Prose not only has a new style that Liang Qichao is easy to access, but also vernacular has also appeared under the requirement of language integration.

The production of drama and the use of various forms of folk literature are mostly expressions that require popularization, and Chen Tianhua's "Fierce Return" is a famous work written in the form of folk songs.

Modern literature presents a clear state of transition. Traditional literature is represented by "Tongguangti", "Changzhou Ci School" and "Tongcheng School", which are still active for a while. And many ** aim to expose the darkness extensively, implicated in the key and close the tassel, the structure is scattered, and rarely creates a typical image of the times, and the so-called condemnation of the late Qing Dynasty probably has this shortcoming, which is a manifestation of the transitional state.

But modern literature has achievements, its anti-imperialist patriotism and the basic themes of democracy, its breakthrough of old forms, and its integration of languages.

1. The exploration and efforts to popularize the literature have prepared certain historical conditions for the new literature after the May Fourth Movement.

The main content and historical role of "Discussion on Literary Improvement" (Hu Shih).

Main contents: 1. It is proposed that literary improvement "must start from eight things".

2. Focus on the reform of literary language forms.

3. Advocating the vernacular**, it also shows the historical role of attaching importance to the content: Hu Shi's "vernacular literature is the authentic Chinese literature" theory, with a clear banner, clear goals, and construction.

It is of great significance to have modern Chinese literature. Compared with the late Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty Folk Literature Movement mainly focused on using the vernacular as a linguistic tool for propaganda to the masses and adding some colloquial words and sayings to the framework of ancient poetry and writing, which was a great progress, and made an important contribution to the theoretical proposition of the literary revolution and had a significant impact.