What are the relevant news of forward contracts, what are the examples of forward contracts?

1.Case 1: A ** company in Guangdong Province exported products to the United States and received a payment of 1 million US dollars.

The company needs to convert the money into RMB for domestic spending in China. At the same time, the company needs to import raw materials from the United States, and will pay $1 million in three months. At this time, the ** company is holding US dollars, shortage of RMB funds, if the US dollar to RMB at that time, the company will exchange 1 million US dollars for 8.1 million yuan, three months later when the US dollar is needed, the company will also go to sell foreign exchange (with RMB back to US dollars for payment).

In this way, the company bears the exchange rate risk while making two foreign exchange settlement and sales transactions. If the RMB depreciates after three months, the company would have to exchange 8.15 million RMB for $1 million, incurring a loss of RMB 50,000. Swaps were opened in the Bank of China.

Once in business, the company can hedge its risk by taking the following steps: Make a 3-month USD/CNY swap foreign exchange trade.

Sell USD 1 million** at sight and sell RMB 1 million USD after 3 months. Let's assume a three-month annual interest rate for US dollars.

is 3%, the three-month annual interest rate of RMB, Bank of China uses interest rate evaluation theory plus risk expectations plus financial products to destroy acres.

If the risk level yields a swap of -450 points, the cost of converting back to USD is fixed. In this way, the company solves the working capital.

The problem of shortage has also achieved the purpose of fixing the cost of exchange and avoiding exchange rate risks.

2.Case 2: Forward contract.

For example, the pricing formula of the forward contract is that the two-sided optional Shan power forward contract gives the contract seller the right to interrupt the supply of electricity to the buyer when the spot price is high, and the forward contract to sell electricity to the market. At the same time, the contract buyer is given the right to refuse to accept the seller's power supply when the spot price is low, and the forward contract is used to buy electricity in the market, which is conducive to the optimal allocation and dispatch of power resources. Specifically, suppose a seller and a buyer enter into a forward contract for a given basin at a fixed price for a future moment, when the contract expires, if the market spot electricity price is higher than a certain value. The seller may interrupt the supply of electricity to the buyer, but shall pay the buyer an appropriate amount of several m. in compensation.

Conversely, if the spot electricity price is lower than a certain value. The buyer may refuse the seller's supply of electricity and demand that the seller pay a certain amount of compensation. Forward ContractsWhen a contract is signed in which both the buyer and the seller have options, the seller retains the opportunity to profit from the high spot price, while the buyer retains the opportunity to profit from the low spot price.

A forward contract is an optional contract that is equivalent to the seller selling a forward option and buying a call option at the same time.

Sell a put option instead.

The buyer sells the call option and the buyer puts the put option at the same time. Therefore, we can give the contract calculation method according to the idea of option pricing, and the forward contract gives an equilibrium choice about the option knock-off price (or optimal interrupted electricity price) through an equilibrium model in which the buyer and the seller each pursue the maximum expected return.

<> "Forward Contracts Daily Financial Knowledge".

Forward Contracts].

Refers to the two parties to sign a contract, agreed to buy and sell the agreed commodities at a certain time in the future with the agreed ** and quantity, the forward contract is essentially a spot transaction, is an extension of the spot transaction in time, the forward transaction is the prototype of the first transaction, the forward contract is an over-the-counter transaction, just like the spot transaction, there are risks on both sides of the transaction. At the time of the forward contract, it has no value and the payment is only made on a future date specified in the contract.

Two terms: 1. If the spot is lower than the forward, it is described as a positive market or premium.

2. If the spot is higher than the forward, it is described as an inverse market or discount.

Take a chestnut ]

Orange opened a tofu factory, and every day he has to purchase soybeans, and the best soybeans change every day. After a long time, Orange thought of a good idea, he went to find the apples that sold soybeans, and proposed a plan, oranges and apples agreed, on the second day of the agreement, to buy 100 catties of soybeans, and at the same time agreed that ** is 10 yuan a catty. What's the difference between doing this and buying it directly?

The difference is that ** has already been booked, and it has nothing to do with the ** of the day. So if the ** of the day is 12 yuan, the orange will save 2 yuan by this agreement. At the same time, the reason why Apple is willing to accept this agreement is because if the ** of the day is 9 yuan, then Apple can earn 1 yuan by this agreement, that is, oranges feel that ** will rise (bullish), and Apple thinks** will fall (bearish).

For the sake of good faith, Orange made a contract, signed a pledge, and made this deal with Apple. This is called forward trading.

Over time, more and more people began to want to make such transactions. But everyone's agreement** and time are different, and each transaction needs to rewrite the contract, which is so troublesome. And with the increase in transactions, there is a situation of default, that is, the contract expires and loses too much and refuses to perform the transaction.

And so an intermediary was born. (Exchange).

People who sell soybeans such as apples put their old contracts in the intermediary, and the buyers go to the intermediary to see the contract they need. It's much more convenient to collapse. You don't need to go to Apple to buy oranges.

And with an intermediary as a guarantee, Apple's reputation will be higher, and it is not easy to repay the debt, of course, they all need to pay a little intermediary fee to make a transaction. There is also an advantage of intermediaries, because the contract has become standardized, and it can be changed at any time, if the contract expires tomorrow and suddenly you don't want to buy it, you can transfer it to the person who wants to buy it, which is the first transaction.

It is a contract in which a buyer and seller agree to buy or sell a certain amount of an asset at a certain point in the future, as determined now**. In general, it is not traded on official exchanges.

A forward contract is a non-standard contract signed between the buyer and the seller to purchase or sell the assets of Xunwu at a specified time in the future according to the ** agreed upon today.

A forward contract is a type of financial derivative instrument. The difference between forward and spot is a forward premium or forward discount. A forward premium or discount can be considered a profit or loss for the buyer. Forward contracts can be used for hedging risk (particularly exchange rate risk) or for speculation.

Forward contracts are closely related to ** contracts, and in contrast to ** contracts, forward contracts are not standardized contracts and are not traded on exchanges. As an over-the-counter contract, the content of the forward contract can be customized according to the needs of the buying and selling mu.

Summary. The earliest forward contracts date back to the early 20th century, when some investors and producers began using forward contracts to lock in commodities** and reduce the risk of market volatility. With the development of the financial market, new forms and types of forward contracts are constantly emerging, such as **, options, etc.

The earliest forward contracts date back to the early 20th century, when some investors and producers began using forward contracts to lock in commodities** and reduce the risk of low market volatility. With the development of the financial market, new forms and types of forward contracts have also emerged, such as **, futures and acre rights.

Excuse me, but please go into more detail?

Forward contracts are a type of financial derivative, and the earliest forward contracts can be traced back to the ancient commodity transactions between farmers and merchants. For example, in ancient China, there were transactions between farmers and merchants, and these transactions could be determined by signing contracts or agreements to determine the transaction** and the time of delivery, similar to the modern forward travel contract. In addition, ancient India, Greece, Rome and other countries also had similar commodity transactions and forward contracts.

Summary. Hello, it should be developed, forward contract trading is generated and developed on the basis of spot trading, which is a supplement to spot trading.

Hello, it should be developed, forward contract trading is generated and developed on the basis of spot trading, which is a supplement to spot trading.

Forward contract transactions are very close to spot transactions. In fact, the two have the same nature, that is, both parties to the transaction are for the purpose of implementing the final delivery of the physical commodity. Therefore, forward contract transactions and spot transactions are collectively referred to as "physical transactions".

If so, what are the disadvantages or risks of the development of forward contracts?

A financial derivatives system without forward contract trading is an incomplete derivatives system and a structural defect of the financial derivatives system.

If so, what are the disadvantages or risks of the development of forward contracts?

There are still many disadvantages.

1.Forward contracts are not standardized, and the contracts used for trading are standardized.

2.Many forward transactions do not require margin, and transactions require margin.

3.The risks are different, and the forward risks are large.

4.Forward transactions are mostly physically delivered.

5 There are no third parties for forward contracts.

Forwards are over-the-counter transactions.

Second, trading makes the evolution of forward transactions more standardized and more able to prevent the risk of default, but it restricts transactions between individuals, so it lacks flexibility.

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1；On September 2, 2012, an import and export company signed a forward foreign exchange settlement contract with a term of 1 year and an amount of 100 million US dollars with a term of 1 year, and it is expected that there will be an export remittance in September 2013. At that time, the bank quoted a forward of one year to the company;

2；In September 2013, the company repatriated 100 million US dollars from abroad, and according to the forward exchange rate set at that time, the bank handled the settlement of foreign exchange, and the company received RMB 6.14 million yuan;

3；On September 2, 2013, the foreign exchange rate of the day was signed, and the company avoided the exchange rate risk on the one hand, and brought an additional income of RMB 4 million on the other hand.

Financial forwards refer to the contracts that are delivered by the parties to the transaction in accordance with the pre-agreed conditions at a certain date in the future, such as currency** (forward foreign exchange trading contract), interest rate** (forward interest rate agreement), **index**, etc.

Forward contracts are non-standardized contracts that are negotiated directly between the parties to the transaction or through a broker. Once a forward contract is concluded, both the buyer and the seller have the rights and obligations to exchange financial instruments for the duration of the contract. Although the counterparty of the forward contract is to be delivered in the future, the quantity, size, delivery time and delivery** of the counterparty are determined in advance in the contract.

After the forward contract is signed, both parties must assume the obligations stipulated in the contract, that is, in accordance with the terms of the contract, for example, one party to the contract (the buyer) promises to pay 1 million yuan in cash in exchange for a fixed rate treasury bond with a face value of 1 million yuan after 6 months, and the other party to the contract (the seller) promises to pay a fixed rate treasury bond with a face value of 1 million yuan in exchange for 1 million yuan in cash after 6 months. If the market of the bond exceeds its face value (1 million yuan), the effect of the contract is in favor of the buyer and not in favor of the seller; The opposite is true if the bond market** is below par. The rights and obligations in the contract constitute the corresponding financial assets and financial liabilities.

Since the rights and obligations of both parties are clear, and the corresponding risks and benefits can also be determined, the value of financial assets and financial liabilities can be reliably measured.

Financial forwards are the basis of other derivatives. For example, ** contract is generated on the basis of forward contract, but the forward contract is standardized and centralized trading, so as to have different functions and functions; Options transactions are also bought and sold as standard forward contracts, and the same is a fixed transaction**: the parties to the swap transaction exchange the same forward contracts that will be liquidated in the future.

It can be seen that **, options and swaps can be regarded as extensions or special forms of forward contracts, and financial forwards occupy a very important position in derivatives.

50 25000=1250000 Contract current**1250000 6%=75000 Interest generated by contract funds 20000 3%=600 Dividend interest income**Theory**: f(t,t)=s(t)+s(t)*(r-d)*(t-t) 365=s(t) r is the annual interest rate; d is the annual index dividend yield of 1250000 + 75000-20000-600 = 1304400

The answer is wrong!! 1304400 is the correct answer.

Forward reasonable** = present value + net cost of ownership.

Present value + interest income during the period - principal and interest of dividends received during the period and the corresponding index points if calculated reasonably ** can be calculated by proportion:

Present Value Forward Reasonable**.

Corresponding points The number of points corresponding to the forward.