Is the end of the universe heat death? 200

Because of gravity.

Not only will it stop the universe from expanding, but it will also reverse and cause the universe to shrink and form singularity compression, so the universe will eventually end up in heat death.

Laws of Celestial Evolution] Hot nebulae condense into planets, planetary accretion nebulae become giants, giants decay into red giants, red giants shake off the atmosphere and transform into white dwarfs, white dwarfs cool down into black dwarfs, black dwarfs explode into cold nebulae, cold nebulae absorb radiation energy to become hot nebulae, and hot nebulae condense into planets, and the cycle repeats.

The laws of astronomical evolution prove that the phenomenon of "cosmic heat death" can never occur.

The heat death theory is a cosmological corollary of the second law of thermodynamics, and there is no clear indication of whether it is correct or not.

If you want to prove that you can't just look at the heat death theory proposed by Kelvin and Clausius. In fact, due to the limitations of the current level of scientific development, there is no way to give a reasonable explanation.

This is a more thermodynamic extrapolation, where the entropy in the universe increases and eventually causes the entire universe to become cold.

You'll end up spreading into something ethereal. The universe will become extremely cold at this time.

Heat death is a kind of cosmic ending that scientists have speculated through current theories, but at present, human beings cannot be sure that our universe is a closed system, so there is no evidence to prove that the final outcome of the universe is heat death, and there are two other possibilities for the end of the universe.

2.The Great Tear, if the universe continues to expand, it will have a Great Tear, and after 16.7 billion years, the Great Tear will shatter everything in the universe, the universe will disappear, and the energy in the universe will disappear with the torn holes into other spaces.

3.Great contraction, after the universe expands to a certain limit, because of the influence of gravity, the universe will continue to shrink inward, this process will reverse the universe, all matter will be regrouped into a point, and the universe is repeating the cycle of ** and contraction.

I believe that many people have pondered this question: does the universe have an end like human life? If the universe has an end, what does its end look like? Is it all over forever when it's dead?

According to current physics, there are three possibilities for the ultimate outcome of the universe, one of which is slightly more optimistic than the other.

Let's take a look first, why do we say that the universe will also end?

The main basis for this speculation is that the universe is expanding at a certain rate, and that it is expanding faster and faster.

And the reason for this expansion is the dark energy that we have not found until now.

Albert Einstein also thought about dark energy, but he thought it was ridiculous. However, most astronomers and physicists now agree on the existence of dark energy and its impact on the expansion of the universe.

But the problem is that no one has ever seen dark energy, and they don't know what its properties are, so physicists have made all kinds of brain supplements on it.

Based on the nature of these brain formations, they deduced three possibilities for the death of the universe.

The first way to die is called a big tear.

Since the universe has been expanding since its inception, the Great Rift theory holds that there will be more and more space in the universe, and therefore more and more space between matter.

At the moment, it seems that there is not enough space to be frighteningly large, so galaxies can still rely on gravity to maintain their existence.

But at some point, the expansion of the universe will outweigh the effects of gravity, making it impossible for galaxies to come together again.

That's when the universe begins to die.

In the beginning, galaxies such as the Milky Way would be torn apart by space; Then, black holes, stars, and planets will disintegrate and die.

Eventually, space expands faster than the speed of light, so much so that atoms begin to disintegrate. At this point, there are no more particles in the universe that can interact with each other.

After the Great Tear occurred, there were only countless particles left in the universe that would never be seen again, hovering alone until "forever" (although time no longer exists).

Yes, the ultimate outcome of the universe is the big **, which will destroy everything in this universe, including galaxies and human beings.

I think this is still for us to go**, because our knowledge is limited, whether it is silence or not we don't know.

Cosmologists believe that there are two scenarios for the future existence of the universe: if the energy density of the universe exceeds the critical density, the universe will collapse after expanding to its maximum volume. In the process of collapse, the density and temperature of the universe will increase again, and finally end in the state before the beginning of the same **, that is, the state of great squeezing; Conversely, if the energy density of the universe is equal to or less than the critical density, the expansion will gradually slow down, but never stop.

Star formation eventually stops as the interstellar gas in each galaxy is gradually depleted, and stellar evolution eventually results in white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes. The collision of these stars causes mass to accumulate and create larger black holes one after another. After that, the average temperature of the universe will gradually approach absolute zero, leading to the so-called Great Freeze.

In addition, if protons were to be unstable as predicted by the Standard Model, the baryon matter would eventually disappear, leaving only radiation and black holes in the universe, and eventually all black holes would evaporate due to Hawking radiation. The entropy of the universe will increase to such an extreme point that there will no longer be self-organizing forms of energy, and eventually the universe will reach a state of heat death.

Heat death is a hypothesis that speculates about the ultimate fate of the universe. According to the second law of thermodynamics, as an "isolated" system, the entropy of the universe will increase with the passage of time, from order to disorder, when the entropy of the universe reaches the maximum, all other effective energy in the universe has been converted into heat energy, and the temperature of all matter reaches thermal equilibrium. This state is called heat death.

In such a universe, there is no longer any energy that can sustain movement or life.

Instead of dying, the universe will revive vigorously from its earlier heat death (thermal equilibrium) assuming that there are two types of matter, one is radiation and the other is particles, and that the radiation temperature tr is not the same as the particle temperature tm. Then, according to classical thermodynamics, tr and tm must be the same after a period of time. This is a conclusion made in a static space.

However, if the above space is expansive, the conclusion is completely different. Because in the process of expansion, the temperature of different substances decreases to different degrees, the radiation temperature decreases more slowly, and the particle temperature decreases faster, which will cause the tr to be greater than tm and produce a temperature difference. This is the exact opposite of the conclusions of classical thermodynamics.

Although this temperature difference disappears due to the collision between the radiation and the particles, so that thermal equilibrium is reached, it is never possible to reach thermal equilibrium between radiation and particles because it takes longer to reach equilibrium than it takes for the universe to expand. At this time, the entropy of the system, although increasing (which is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics), is moving further and further away from equilibrium. And it is this change that is happening in the universe.

On the other hand, the reason for the expansion of the universe is due to the action of gravity. Thermodynamics with gravitational action comes to a completely different conclusion from thermodynamics without gravitational action. In classical thermodynamics, which does not take into account gravity, the system heats up when heated and cools down, and the heat capacity is positive.

In a gravitational system, the opposite is true, heating cools the system, exothermic heats up, and the heat capacity is negative. The presence of a negative heat capacity object has a fundamental effect on thermodynamics. In a system, if there are both positive and negative heat capacity objects, then the system is extremely unstable.

The slightest disturbance can completely disrupt the equilibrium and cause a temperature difference. As long as there is a gravitational system, there is no stable thermal equilibrium in principle, and most celestial bodies or celestial systems in the universe are such gravitational systems. Although entropy increases in gravitational systems, since there is no thermal equilibrium, the increase in entropy is endless and never maximum.

21] Thus, "the existence of thermal equilibrium is essential for the whole of thermodynamics, and thermal equilibrium is the starting point of thermodynamics." For systems in which gravity plays a decisive role, there is no thermodynamic thermal equilibrium in the thermodynamic sense, but an unstable state." (15], this phenomenon is not possible in a static cosmic model.

Heat death is a thermodynamic term. According to the second law of thermodynamics (the law of entropy), the entropy of any thermodynamic system can only increase over time. When the system evolves to the end, it corresponds to the maximum value of entropy.

Cosmic heat death means that when the evolution of the universe comes to an end, everything that can happen happens, nothing can shine anymore, and the evolution of the universe ends. In a word, the universe is dead. And at this time, the entropy of the entire universe is the greatest.

The theory of cosmic heat death is just one of many theories of cosmic evolution, and I think it is the least likely of all the theories of cosmic evolution.

Matter and energy can be converted into each other, that is, the most basic unit of matter is energy, and energy can also be converted into matter. The atomic bomb is an example, heat death is the conversion of all energy into matter, this possibility is there, but time is infinitely cyclical (refer to "General Space-Time Relativity" to state that this book is only an explanation and improvement of general relativity), and finally back to a singularity, the universe ** began again, so it is impossible. Believe me!

The "heat death theory" is based on the conclusion of the second law of thermodynamics, and its main meaning is that if the whole universe is regarded as an isolated system, then, according to the entropy increase principle of the second law of thermodynamics, it can be seen that the entropy (production) of the whole universe will continue to increase, the effective energy will continue to be lost, the temperature of the universe will continue to tend to be uniform, and finally, every point in the universe will have the same temperature (the same pressure, the same matter, the same density......If there is no difference in the universe, there will be no power, the universe will be "lonely" due to "heat" (referring to the increase in entropy), and the universe will "die". But soon there was a rebuttal:

From the perspective of the generation process, the entropy increase principle is derived on the basis of the research and experimental facts of the heat engine efficiency, but with the deepening of people's understanding of the objective world, the scope of application of the entropy increase principle will gradually broaden. However, this kind of broadening is not arbitrary, and must be supported by sufficient facts and theoretical grounds, otherwise it will be a mistake and a thousand miles away. The following is a summary of the scope of application of the entropy increase principle.

The theory of heat death is a conjecture of the ultimate fate of the universe based on the second law of thermodynamics.

The second law of thermodynamics is one of the fundamental laws of thermodynamics, also known as the law of increasing entropy, which states that the degree of chaos in an isolated system will only increase or remain the same.

After the establishment of the second law of thermodynamics, scientists found that when the second law of thermodynamics is applied to the entire universe, the entropy of the entire universe will continue to increase, the temperature of the universe will gradually tend to equilibrium, and finally all other effective energy of the universe will be converted into heat energy, so as to reach the state of heat death, which is a rather long process.

At present, in our universe, the dominant celestial body is the star, but the nuclear fusion reaction of the star is carried out in one direction, and one day the last star will be extinguished due to the lack of nuclear fusion materials, and then the universe will fall into endless darkness, and the black hole dominates the evolution of the universe, but the black hole itself also has a lifespan, and when the black hole evaporates, it is the end of the universe.

The theory of heat death is a direct inference of the second law of thermodynamics, but some people have questioned that the theory of heat death only considers the influence of the second law of thermodynamics, but our universe is in a dynamic state (currently accelerating expansion), coupled with the effects of gravity and quantum mechanics, it is impossible to reach the equilibrium state, so it is impossible to achieve heat death.

And according to the theory of the universe, it is possible for the universe to transform from expansion to collapse in the future, perhaps our universe has experienced countless inflations and contractions, but I just happened to be in the middle of this expansion.

According to the view of modern astronomy, the future of our universe depends on the amount of dark energy and dark matter in the universe, dark energy causes the universe to expand, and dark matter will make matter gather, which is a process of mutual checks and balances, but at present, human beings have too little understanding of dark matter and dark energy. Therefore, judging from the theories currently held by mankind, it is too early to assert the future of the universe.

However, the theory of heat death does have a certain theoretical basis, if the quantum mechanical effect is considered, then the future of the universe is related to the decay of protons, and the current proton half-life predicted by human theory is 10 36 years; So theoretically, as long as the time is long enough, all the protons will decay away, and all the matter in the universe will be sucked into the black hole, and then the black hole will lose mass through Hawking radiation, and only photons and leptons will eventually exist in the universe, which is also a state of heat death.

I don't think that heat death is the ultimate fate of our universe, the possibility of this situation is extremely low, I think the universe will exist forever, even if the universe is doing an accelerated expansion movement, but matter is always conserved, and the energy of the universe will not be exhausted.