The history of the evolution of books, how books have evolved

The history of books] Books are the main tools used by human beings to record all achievements, and they are also an important medium for human beings to blend feelings, acquire knowledge, and pass on experience, and make great contributions to the development of human civilization. Therefore, no matter ancient or modern, Chinese and foreign, people always give the highest affirmation and special care to books. Handmade paper is particularly suitable for Chinese painting and calligraphy, and is divided into two types: raw Xuan and cooked Xuan.

Many great creations of human beings have gone through a long process of development, and have gathered the efforts of countless people to grow and expand all the time, and books are no exception. Taking China as an example, it has a history of development of at least 3,500 years, and the wisdom and labor invested by the people during this period are even more incomparable. Books have been created and improved one after another to have what they are today.

Generally speaking, the development of books can be traced in history, with the exception of some books produced for special purposes. In the early days, when people interacted with each other, they may have only used gestures or volume as a medium. Subsequently, from the accumulation of experience, some fixed syllables were determined to represent a specific meaning, so that human beings stepped out of the era of silence and entered a society without words.

With language, human beings often use memory to memorize what they hear, and then repeat it to others; Or the ideals in the heart, personal experience, through words. This purpose and method is similar to the function of future books, so it can be called oral transmission of living books. Human memory is limited in the end, sometimes it is more out of shape, oral living books, there must be many defects, intelligent human beings, so they invented many ways to help memory, the most representative of which is the knotted rope.

The size, tightness, number and color of the knotted rope are used to express various meanings, which can be called rope writing.

Jomon can be transmitted to distant places and can be preserved for a long time, and it has some advantages over language. However, in the end, due to its limited style changes, it cannot meet the needs of human society in rapid progress. Therefore, human beings began to improve again, from the nature of imitation, to depict external images and simplify them, to transform them into simple images, and then use them as symbols of imagery.

This kind of picture has the prototype of writing, and it is generally called text painting. Later, after further improvement and evolution, it gradually became a stereotyped hieroglyph. After a long period of development, countless fonts have finally been created for people to use.

The emergence of writing has not only opened up a new realm for human civilization, but also laid a solid foundation for books.

The opening book is written on bamboo.

In ancient times, there was nothing to write, people carved stones on large stones to remember some important events, in the Warring States period, people wrote on bamboo, and in the Han Dynasty, people wrote on hemp paper. At that time, the fiber of hemp paper was still very rough, and there was paper during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, which was very expensive and ordinary people could not afford to use it, so they continued to use bamboo slips. But in the Tang Dynasty, people began to use paper to write, and then books slowly appeared.

With the change of time, it was no longer a problem for a family to use paper in the Song Dynasty.

The evolution of books can be divided into the evolution of paper (word carrier), the evolution of words, and the evolution of text.

First oracle bones, then bamboo slips, then book cloth, then books, and finally e-book CDs.

1. The Book of Oracle Bones.

As early as more than 3,000 years ago, in the late Yin Dynasty, books about divination appeared on good fortune. At that time, paper had not yet been invented, and people used tortoise shells and animal bones as recording materials to engrave the content of divination on tortoise shells or animal bones, which was the earliest book - the book of oracle bones.

2. The Book of Stones.

Due to the rise of carved stone, rubbing technology appeared. The words engraved on the stone surface are all recessed on the front, and a piece of tissue paper can be soaked in alum and baiji water first, and pasted on the surface of the carved stone; Brush the paper evenly with a soft brush, and then gently beat it, embed the paper into the strokes of the inscription, and after the paper is dry, wrap the rubbing bag made of cotton in a muslin cloth, dip it in ink, beat it evenly on the paper, peel off the paper, and get the same copy. This operation process is called "extension", the use of ink is called Mo Tuo, the use of red pigment is called Zhu Tuo, the single is called rubbing, and the connection is called rubbing.

3. The book of the slippery slip.

Before the invention of paper, it was the most important form of books in China, which had a profound impact on the book system in later generations. To this day, the terminology, format, and method of writing books continue to follow the traditions formed during the Jianzhu period.

4. The book of silk.

Although bamboo slips are cheap and easy to make, this kind of bulky book is inconvenient to carry, and each simple has a limited number of characters, once the long works compiled into a book are scattered, then "wrong simplification" occurs, and the ribbon, hemp rope and belt used in the weaving of the slip are easy to be worn off, so that reading is difficult. Silk silk is silk fabric, soft and smooth, wide width, easy to ink, the length of the width can be cut according to the number of words, and can be folded or rolled up at will, easy to collect, easy to carry, can make up for the lack of Jane.

5. Ancient ** book.

With the continuous improvement and enhancement of papermaking, the scale of papermaking continues to expand, especially due to the development of social economy and culture, the number of paper books and the superiority of paper are fully recognized. By the time of the two Jin and Northern Dynasties, paper had become the main writing material, and writing books replaced silk books.

6. Printed books from the Song to Qing dynasties.

In ancient China, books formed a fixed layout from the simple policy, scroll to leaf system, which originated from engraving printing, but movable type printing books and writing books are mostly the same.

1. The earliest inscriptions can be traced back to stone, wood, pottery, bronze, palm leaves, bones, birch bark and other objects. The use of papyrus for writing has given a huge impetus to the development of books. Around the 30th century B.C., the appearance of Egyptian papyrus scrolls was the earliest prototype of Egyptian books.

Papyrus scrolls are closer to the concept of modern books than Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian, and Hittite clay tablets.

2. Simple policy. The earliest official book in China is Jian Ce, which appeared around the 8th century BC. The simple use of bamboo and wood as writing materials was the main form of Chinese books before the invention of paper.

The book of oracle bones, as early as more than 3,000 years ago in the late Yin Dynasty, when paper had not yet been invented, people took local materials, used tortoise shells and animal bones as materials, and engraved the content on tortoise shells or animal bones, which is the book of oracle bones.

The book of the slips is a general name for the bamboo slips and wooden slips with words written on the ancient relics of our country.

In the early days of the invention of paper, paper books did not completely replace the simple books and silk books, but the three were used together.

In addition, there are printed books from the Song to Qing dynasties to modern e-books.