What are the three characteristics of modern mechanical materialism?

What is mechanical materialism? From the perspective of the history of philosophy, mechanical materialism has several distinctive features:

1. The existence of the world is mechanical movement. The laws of any being, including humans, animals, and others, are mechanical. In other words, in the words of Lametelli, the outstanding representative of mechanical materialism in the eighteenth century, "man is a machine" and "animals are a machine".

2. The difference in people's personalities is determined by their bodies.

3. There is no independent mental entity, and the mind is only a phenomenon or result of mechanical movement on the human body.

The premise of proving mechanical materialism is that the world is material, matter is in motion, and motion is regular.

Therefore, by understanding the state of motion of matter in the previous moment, it is possible to deduce the state of motion in the next moment, and after determining the state of motion of every particle in the entire universe, it is possible to deduce the state of motion in the next moment, and one of the famous hypotheses is the Laplace hypothesis: if an intelligent organism can determine the present state of motion from the largest celestial body to the lightest atom, it can deduce the past and future states of the entire universe according to the laws of mechanics. Later generations called his hypothetical intelligent beings Laplace.

According to this assumption, all future events in the universe depend strictly on all past events, and the uncertainty or contingency of the occurrence of events disappears, so that the physical, chemical, and biological properties of matter should all be mechanical, physical, chemical, and biological systems and forms of motion are mechanical, and everything in nature is completely subject to the mechanical law of cause and effect. Matter is inert, and its motion is simply to lose one position and gain another under the action of force. And the position obtained can be derived from the previous position!

Mechanistic, metaphysical, incomplete.

Mechanical materialism is modern metaphysical materialism.

Modern metaphysical materialism enriches and develops materialism on the basis of summarizing the achievements of natural science.

However, it reduces matter to atoms in the sense of natural science, and believes that atoms are the origin of the world, and the properties of atoms are the properties of matter, so they have limitations such as mechanical, metaphysical, and idealistic in the view of history.

The common denominator with ancient naïve materialism, dialectical materialism and historical materialism is that they all adhere to the materialist direction, believing that matter determines consciousness, consciousness is a reflection of matter, and the three have an inseparable historical connection.

A view that explains all natural phenomena purely by classical mechanics. It reduces the physical, chemical, and biological properties of matter to the properties of mechanics, and the physical, chemical, and biological systems and forms of motion to the systems and forms of motion of mechanics, and holds that everything in nature is completely subject to the law of mechanical causality.

The mechanistic materialist view of nature arose in the 16th century and dominated Western philosophy in the century. During this period, the natural sciences, liberated from theology, studied the natural world in a divided manner, and great achievements were made in mechanics and the mathematics that served it. The first half of the 17th century, r

Based on the achievements of mechanics, Descartes established a mechanical model of the evolution of the universe and gave mechanical explanations for physical and biological phenomena. Second half of the 17th century, iNewton in J

Kepler and GOn the basis of Galileo's work, he established a system of mechanics that surpassed the level of research of other departments of the natural sciences, which could not only correctly describe the mechanical motion of earthly objects, but also calculate the orbits of celestial bodies and predict their movements with certainty. Thus, classical mechanics became a model for the whole natural science, and at the same time laid the foundation for a mechanical materialist view of nature.

During this period, philosophers who tried to explain natural phenomena in terms of natural causes often used the laws of mechanics to explain nature, believing that the basic properties of objects were only extensive, and that the sensory properties such as color, sound, fragrance, and taste were only subjective illusions. In their view, matter is inert, and its motion is simply the loss of one position and the gain of another under the impetus of an external force.

Idealism is idealism, also translated as the theory of ideas, which is the discussion and view of the relationship between ideas, minds, languages, and things in philosophy. Idealism is one of the two basic schools of philosophy, and it is the opposite of materialism. On the basic issues of philosophy, it is a philosophical school that advocates the primacy of spirit and consciousness and the secondness of matter, that is, the existence of matter dependent on consciousness and the existence of matter as the product of consciousness.

Marxist writings believe that philosophy can be divided into two major schools, and idealism is one of the two basic schools of philosophy, which is a theoretical system opposed to materialism. Idealism advocates the primacy of spirit and consciousness and the secondness of matter on the basic issues of philosophy, that is, the existence of matter dependent on consciousness and the existence of matter as the product of consciousness.

One of the two basic schools of philosophy is the ideological system that is opposed to materialism. It is believed that spirit or consciousness is the origin of the world, that the material world is the product of spirit and consciousness, that spirit and consciousness are the first nature, and that matter is the second nature. It includes subjective idealism and the view of the objective world as the embodiment or product of subjective consciousness"Objectivity"Objective idealism in which the spirit is seen as the embodiment or product of the material world.

Marxism believes that materialism is one of the two basic schools of philosophy, which is opposed to idealism, and advocates that matter is the first nature, spirit is the second nature, the origin of the world is matter, and spirit is the product and reflection of matter"。A fundamental view of ontology in philosophy. Between consciousness and matter, matter determines consciousness, consciousness is the reflection of the objective world in the human brain, and the objective world is independent of consciousness.

Materialism, a philosophical theory, affirms that the basic composition of the world is matter, and that material forms and processes are the main way for us to understand the world, and holds the view that only de facto matter is an entity that exists, and is considered a form of physicalism. The theory is based on the idea that all entities (and concepts) are a composition or expression of matter, and that all phenomena (including consciousness) are the result of the interaction of matter, and that between consciousness and matter, matter determines consciousness, and consciousness is the physiological response of the objective world in the human brain, that is, the reaction of organic matter to matter. Therefore, matter is the only entity that actually exists.

As a theoretical system, materialism belongs to monistic ontology, which in itself is different from ontology based on dualism or pluralism, and as an explanation of the real world, it is the opposite of idealism and spiritualism.

Materialism has a difference between mechanical materialism and dialectical materialism, mechanical materialism believes that the material world is composed of various individuals, just as various mechanical parts form a large machine, which will not change; Dialectical materialism holds that the material world is always in motion and change, and that it is mutually influencing and interrelated. Representative of mechanical materialism: Feuerbach, representative of dialectical materialism:

Marx, Engels, Lenin.

The second form of materialist philosophy is the metaphysical materialism of modern times, that is, mechanical materialism. The basic characteristics of metaphysical materialism are: acknowledging the materiality of the world, but interpreting the world from an isolated, static, and one-sided point of view, failing to see the universal connection and change and development between things and phenomena in the world, or only acknowledging the mechanical connection and mechanical movement, and thus exhibiting mechanical, metaphysical characteristics.

The emergence and formation of modern metaphysical materialism is closely related to the characteristics of the development of natural science in this period. During this period, the natural sciences were still in the stage of collecting, sorting, and analyzing empirical materials in different categories, and only mechanics had developed to a relatively complete form. This state of affairs is reflected in philosophy, where the dominant metaphysical way of thinking of this period is the way of thinking that observes and interprets the world from an isolated, static and mechanical point of view, which creates the characteristic and inevitable limitations of modern metaphysical materialism at the time.

Another limitation of metaphysical materialism is its incompleteness, which is manifested primarily in its materialistic view of nature and idealism in its view of social history. English materialism in the 17th century, French materialism in the 18th century, and German Feuerbach materialism in the 40s of the 19th century are the main schools of modern materialism.

Mechanical materialism, that is, modern metaphysics.

1. Summarize the materialism of the natural sciences, enrich and develop.

2. Atoms are the origin of the world.

3. There is a mechanical, modern metaphysics, and idealism in the view of history.3 I look at the problem in isolation, one-sidedness, and static.

Here's the syllabus I summarized myself for my final exam. Hope to help the landlord!

That is, modern metaphysical materialism. It is to look at the problem as isolated, one-sided, and static.

First of all, it is understood that metaphysics encompasses materialism and idealism. And when we say mechanical materialism, we recognize the primacy of matter. Secondly, mechanical materialism refers to the belief that everything is isolated, static, and unchangeable on the premise of insisting on the primacy of matter, which has similarities with metaphysics.

Note, however, that we are talking about the mechanical and metaphysical nature of metaphysical materialism. The philosophy of metaphysical materialism contains certain dialectical elements, but its mechanical and metaphysical nature is its main characteristic, and it still holds an idealist view in the field of social history. It attempts to explain all phenomena and processes in nature and human society from the viewpoint of mechanical motion, reduces all forms of motion to mechanical motion, and denies the development of things caused by internal contradictions.

You have to note that it is still an insistent idealism in the field of social history) which is different from the unity of materialism and dialectics of dialectical materialism that we have studied. Option B of your choice does not reflect the meaning of the stem, i.e. it does not point out why mechanical materialism is only half-cut. So I don't choose it.

Then, in the field of social history, which is what we call the concept of history, it adheres to idealism. As we said earlier, it is also materialistic, insisting on the primacy of matter. Therefore, it adheres to materialism in its view of nature.

And here's a hint that he is asking about half-cut materialism, so only half of materialism, and the other half must be the opposite of idealism. Only option C is eligible. Obviously, the answer is c.

If you don't understand, you can ask. I'll sort it out with you slowly.