What indicators are used to calculate and reflect credit standards?

Expected bad debt loss ratio.

Credit standards are an important part of credit policy.

The credit policy mainly includes three parts: credit standard, credit period and cash discount, and its main role is to regulate the level and quality of enterprise accounts receivable.

There are pros and cons to the leniency of credit standards, and their comprehensive impact should be comprehensively measured. If the credit standard is strict, it will reduce the sales volume, reduce the funds occupied by accounts receivable, and reduce the cost of special funds receivable. Conversely, if credit standards are relaxed, sales will be expanded and the cost of accounts receivable will be increased.

Enterprises should conduct a comprehensive analysis of different solutions and choose the one with the largest benefits.

The indicators used to reflect the high and low credit standards are as follows:

1. Asset and liability structure:

Analyze the debt level and debt cover structure of the rated enterprises, and understand the management's financial management concept and strategy for using financial leverage, such as whether the debt maturity arrangement is reasonable and the solvency of the enterprise. If there is too much concentration of maturing debt, the risk of non-payment at maturity increases significantly, and over-reliance on short-term borrowing may exacerbate the risk of refinancing.

In addition, if there are liabilities in the financial lease or pending litigation of the enterprise, it will also increase the debt burden of the rated object, thereby increasing the demand for the company's imitation cash flow and affecting the rating results.

2. Profitability:

Strong profitability and its stability are key factors for businesses to have enough cash to repay their maturing debts. Profitability can be measured by indicators such as sales margin, return on net worth, return on total assets, etc., and analysts should conduct in-depth analysis of the profitability and composition, and make judgments on the main factors affecting the future profitability of the enterprise and its change trend on this basis.

3. Cash flow adequacy:

Cash flow is a core indicator of the solvency of rated companies, and analysts are particularly concerned about the net cash flow generated by the company's operating activities. The ratio of net cash flow, retained cash flow and free cash flow to total debt due is a good indication of the degree to which the rated company's operating cash protects its debt.

Generally, the criteria for cash flow adequacy are different in different industries, and analysts usually compare rated companies with similar companies to make objective and fair judgments about the cash flow adequacy of rated companies.

4. Asset liquidity:

That is, the liquidity of assets, which mainly examines the ratio structure of current assets to long-term assets of enterprises. At the same time, analysts also reflect the speed at which current assets are converted into cash through indicators such as inventory turnover ratio and accounts receivable turnover ratio to assess the level of debt repayment ability of enterprises.

In accordance with certain evaluation principles and scientific evaluation methods, credit assessment institutions shall analyze and evaluate the basic quality, business level, accounting status, profitability, management level and development prospects of enterprises and financial institutions, so as to determine the degree of trustworthiness of enterprises and financial institutions in performing various economic contracts, and use internationally accepted symbols to indicate credit ratings and make announcements to the public.

The corporate credit rating criteria are:

1. Solvency - 30 points.

1) The asset-liability ratio is greater than 80% and less than 90% and cannot exceed grade A (2) The asset-liability ratio is greater than 90% and less than 100% and cannot exceed B (3) The seniority and property liability ratio is greater than 100% and is grade D.

4) The asset-liability ratio is 60%-12 points.

5) Flow ratio 130%-10 points.

6) Cash ratio 30%-8 points.

2. Profitability - 10 points.

1) Sales margin 8%.

2) Return on capital of 8%.

3. Business management - 24 points.

1) The cash content of sales revenue is 80%-6 points.

2) Accounts receivable turnover rate 400%-6 points.

3) Inventory turnover rate of 300%-6 points.

4) Management level - 4 points.

5) Goodwill - 2 points.

4. Performance - 16 points.

1) There is a "subordinate" payment, and the rating cannot exceed grade B (2) there is a "suspicious category" payment, and the rating cannot exceed grade CC (3) there is a "loss" payment, which is grade D.

1) Principal repayment record of credit assets - 10 points.

2) Credit capital interest repayment record - 6 points.

5. Development ability and potential - 20 points.

1) Net fixed assets - 4 points.

2) Sales revenue growth rate - 6 points.

3) Profit growth rate -4 share from Wuxi Guofu.

4) The loss in the current period cannot exceed the A level.

5) Losses in both the current period and the previous period cannot exceed the BB level.

6) Leader quality - 4 points.

7) Market prospects, negative planning and implementation conditions - 2 points.

Total 100 points.

Accounts and vouchers from recent years are required.

The content of enterprise credit evaluation mainly includes: industry analysis, basic quality analysis, operation and management analysis, financial analysis and external support.

The enterprise credit evaluation process is as follows:

1. Preliminary pre-examination: fill in the "Application Report for Enterprise Credit Rating Evaluation";

2. Fill in the application for approval;

3. Fill in the "Enterprise Credit Rating Evaluation Declaration" and sign 2 copies of the agreement through the preliminary examination;

Fourth, the institution audit;

6. Certificate filing and issuance.

After the filing is completed, certification certificates, credit reports and related honorary certificates will be issued, and the China Bidding and Bidding Network will publicize the results of the enterprise credit rating evaluation. Establish credit archives for promotion and publicity.

The basic information to be submitted for enterprise credit evaluation declaration and review is as follows:

One**. 1. Application for Enterprise Credit Rating Evaluation

Requirements: Fill in the contents of the form completely and accurately; It must be signed by the legal representative of the enterprise and stamped with the official seal of the enterprise.

2. Sign 2 copies of the agreement with your company.

3. Application for Enterprise Credit Rating Evaluation

Requirements: Fill in the contents of the form completely and accurately, and there shall be no blank items, if there is no content in the specific project, please fill in "none"; Stamped with the official seal of the enterprise.

2. Additional information (copies of the following information must be stamped with the official seal of the enterprise).

1. A copy of the business license (copy), organization certificate (copy), tax registration certificate (copy), loan card, and registered capital verification report after annual inspection.

2. Provide a copy of the audit report of the annual financial report (balance sheet, profit and loss statement, cash flow statement) of the last three years audited by the accounting firm.

3. Business licenses or compulsory certifications related to the industry.

4. Copies of independent intellectual property rights, trademarks, patents, qualification licenses, product exemption certificates and other honors that have been obtained in recent years.

5. Passed various certifications, as well as copies of relevant qualification certificates (such as quality management system certification, environmental system certification, etc.), social honor award certificates (such as ** business, customers, banks, industry and commerce, taxation) certificates.

6. The current organizational chart (including the position setting of each department and the description of the responsibilities of each position); A list of written documents and document directories of relevant systems (including the articles of association, executive incentive and restraint mechanisms, financial and sales management systems).

7. Description of the plan and plan in terms of enterprise profile, business development, product market positioning, future market prospects, development strategy, etc. (if any, please describe in detail).

8. Proof of funding public welfare undertakings in the past three years (if any, please provide).

9. Other relevant documents or materials to prove the credit of the enterprise.

I hope the above content will be helpful to you, if you have any questions, you can consult Beijing China Enterprise Puxin or Zhongtai Credit Evaluation!

Answers]: a, b, c, d

This question examines the management of accounts receivable in the sensitive section.

The credit standard is: 5C, which includes: credit quality, solvency, reputation, capital, collateral, economic status;

Answer]: A credit refers to the existing financial and monetary resources, to reply to the future payment of such a large kind of commitment, usually based on the credit subject, the credit is divided into commercial credit, silver scum Mengxing Zhizi credit, consumer credit, etc.

Answer] and slow: d

The factors to be considered in formulating credit standards include: (1) the marginal cost of credit vs. the marginal profit of increased sales; (2) the policy of competing with competitors in the same industry; (3) the ability of the enterprise to bear the risk of default; (4) The customer's credit rating.

The credit in economics refers to the borrowing behavior in economic activities, which is a unilateral repentance movement of value on the condition of repayment and interest payment, and is a special form of value movement. Credit has the following characteristics:

1) Credit is conditional on the repayment of principal and the payment of interest. Credit is an economic behavior that is conditional on the recovery of principal, or the acquisition of repayment as an obligation; It is a loan that is conditional on the receipt of interest, or a loan that is premised on the payment of interest. Under the conditions of a market economy, lending behavior is subject to the principle of equivalent exchange, that is, the borrowing must repay the principal and pay interest.

2) Credit is a special form of value movement. In the process of exchanging general commodities and currency, the seller sells the commodity to obtain the currency, and the buyer gives up the currency to obtain the commodity, and pays the money with one hand and delivers the goods with the other, and the two sides exchange reciprocally. When this act is completed, there are no economic rights or obligations on the part of the parties.

In credit activities, a certain amount of goods and money is transferred from the hands of the lender to the borrower, and there is no antagonistic movement of equal value, but only the transfer of the right to use the commodity or money, without changing the ownership. When the lender pays money to the borrower, it does not mean the end of the relationship between the two as in the commodity exchange relationship, but the beginning of the relationship between the two. Only when the principal and interest are repaid will the relationship between the two end.

The essence of credit is a creditor-debtor relationship. After the borrowing occurs, the borrower is the debtor and has a legal obligation to pay; The lender is the creditor and has the right to demand payment.