How are the ecological definitions of Heckel, Oldham and Ma Shijun different and why?

Heckel, >Border.

Bell. Suh".> Oldham and Ma Shijun have different definitions of ecology, which are as follows:

1.Heckel's definition of ecology: Ecology is the science that studies the inherent interactions of living organisms and their interactions with the environment.

He emphasized the interrelationship between living things and the environment. 2.Oldum's Ecological Definition:

Ecology is the science that studies the interaction between organisms and the environment, involving a variety of processes and patterns at scales in time and space. She highlighted the impact of time and space on ecosystems. 3.

Ma Shijun's definition of ecology: Ecology is the science that studies living things, the environment, and how they interact with each other. He focused on the interaction between the three elements, namely the organism, the environment and the interaction between them.

The difference between these different definitions lies mainly in the degree of emphasis placed on the relationship between organisms and the environment. Hecker emphasizes the interrelationship between the two, Oldham emphasizes the temporal and spatial scales of processes and patterns, and Ma Shijun emphasizes the interaction between them. Although these definitions differ, they collectively express the important role that ecology plays in the study of the interactions between organisms and the environment, as an interdisciplinary field of science.

Population status: The population base is large, the aging trend is serious, the gender imbalance is serious, and the population is growing steadily.

Causes: (The main analysis of the population base and aging issues).

1) Large population base: The main reason is the increase in the birth rate and mortality rate - the founding of the People's Republic of China, the improvement of medical conditions and the development of the average life expectancy of basic necessities have increased, the decline in the mortality rate, and the promotion of national policies to increase the birth rate before family planning.

2) Serious population aging trend: refers to the elderly population born in 1961-1970 in the last century, born in 1949 and 1957, has been the elderly population.

Mainly due to three years of natural disasters, the population has plummeted, and the national policy encourages childbearing.

Solution 2:

The problem of the large population base: (in fact, the state has already taken effective measures: family planning, I am only explaining in principle), here it is necessary to introduce the concept of ecology: population growth rate (r): r = lnr0 t

r0 - net fertility, t - time to generation).

From the formula r = r0 t, the size of the r value increases with r0 and decreases with the increase of t value.

Planned Parenthood", the aim is to make the r-value lower, so there are two ways:

1): The number of children with a low r0 value limit per couple from generation to generation with low value added rates.

2): The increase in t-score can be achieved by delaying the time of first childbearing or by marrying later.

Aging Problem: It is relatively simple, the national construction of economic development, improve the system of social welfare and security system, it is our children who have to spend time taking care of their parents and elders.

There is an ecological agriculture in ecological theory, as well as three-dimensional agriculture, which is also applicable to fisheries.

For pond fish farming, it is natural to choose fish that are suitable for the local climate first, according to the local climate conditions.

Different fish species, living in different levels of water, according to this principle, a variety of fish species can be selected for mixed farming, that is, three-dimensional farming, to improve space utilization. It also improves the utilization rate of feed.

Needless to say, it is necessary to strengthen management and learn more about the laws of fish growth and reproduction.

Literally, ecology is the science that studies the interactions between living organisms and their environment. Of course, the environment here is different from what we generally talk about, including both biotic and abiotic environments. Maybe this correlation is more ambiguous, for example:

In the case of autumn leaf fall, physiology may be the study of how leaves fall off, what changes occur in plants, and what mechanisms are there; Ecology is more concerned with why leaves are falling because of climate change, soil influences, or which organisms (herbivores, parasites, other plants) have an impact on this process.

Broadly speaking, there are very few that fall outside the scope of ecological research. Because everything is interconnected, when it changes in some way, it must be affected by some other factor, either biological or abiotic.

Ecology mainly includes theoretical ecology (observing various phenomena to understand why) and applied ecology (designing, managing, and applying according to known principles).

Theoretical ecology can be divided into individual ecology, population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology and modern ecology (including molecular ecology, landscape ecology, regional ecology, and global ecology), which can be understood as finding relationships at all levels, from molecules to cells, tissues, organ systems, individuals, populations, communities, ecosystems, and even higher-level landscapes, regions, and global (biosphere). Different levels can be called scales, which are organizational scales, and of course time scales (the dominant factors of geological change are always different from those of the four seasons of the year), spatial scales (planting a forest may reduce soil erosion in one area, but it is not so useful for the whole earth), and different scales consider different problems.

Applied ecology refers to the application of ecological principles to practice, including agroecology, aquatic ecology, urban ecology, invasion ecology, and so on. Of course, ecology can also intersect with various disciplines: physical ecology, chemical ecology, evolutionary ecology, geographic ecology, and so on.

Finally, back to the question, what does ecology do? It can be said that it is the best biological phenomenon and the reasons for its occurrence, and at the same time cultivate an ecological outlook with dialectic, development and systematic view.

Ecological engineering refers to the application of the principle of material circulation in the ecosystem, combined with the optimization method of system engineering to design a hierarchical and multi-level utilization of materials production process system, the purpose of which is to combine the principles of symbiosis of different species in the biological community, multi-level utilization of matter and energy, environmental self-purification and material recycling and regeneration with the optimization method of system engineering, so as to achieve the purpose of multi-level and recycling of resources. For example, the forest ecosystem with multi-layer structure is used to increase the area of light energy absorption, plants are used to adsorb and enrich some trace heavy metals, and waste heat is used to propagate aquatic organisms.

Environmental engineering is a branch of environmental science, which mainly studies how to protect and rationally use natural resources, use scientific means to solve increasingly serious environmental problems, improve environmental quality, and promote environmental protection and social development. It is a science and technology that researches and engages in the prevention and control of environmental pollution and the improvement of environmental quality. Environmental engineering is related to ecology in biology, environmental hygiene and environmental medicine in medicine, and environmental physics and environmental chemistry.

Since the Environmental Engineering Office is in its infancy, the field of the discipline is still developing, but its core is the treatment of environmental pollution sources.

The so-called bioengineering is generally believed to be based on the theory and technology of biology (especially molecular biology, microbiology, genetics, biochemistry and cytology), combined with modern engineering technologies such as chemical engineering, machinery, and electronic computers, and makes full use of the latest achievements in molecular biology to consciously manipulate genetic material, directionally modify organisms or their functions, and create new species with ultra-distant traits in a short period of time, and then through appropriate bioreactors for such "engineered bacteria" or "engineered cell lines" Large-scale cultivation is an emerging technology to produce large quantities of useful metabolites or to perform their unique physiological functions.