What causes kidney stones?

There are many reasons for the formation of kidney stones, and the specific mechanism is still unclear, but it has been confirmed that it is related to human genes, that is, physical fitness, metabolic level, environment, diet, and some diseases. It is common to see a decrease in urine output, and insufficient inhibition of crystal formation and aggregates in the urine is also a factor in the formation of the urinary system. Another infection of the urinary system, like bacteria, pus, necrotic tissue, can become the core of the stone.

There are also various foreign bodies that remain in the urinary tract, such as indwelling urinary catheters, which can also cause the crystals in the urine to attach and gradually form stones. It can be formed for many reasons, which are now unclear, including the pH of the urine and so on.

Non-pharmacological**.

At present, there are several mainstream non-drug** methods for kidney stones: extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PNL), ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URL), and open surgery.

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL).

The advantages of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy are that it is non-invasive, safe, and has the feeling of being beaten across the mountain. Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy uses shock waves to break up stones, and small pieces or powders of the stones are excreted with urine.

Applicable conditions: renal pelvis and intermediate and superior calytic stones with a diameter of 5-20mm.

Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PNL).

Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy is a minimally invasive surgery, which requires a small gap in the patient's waist, fine needle puncture directly to the renal calyx or renal pelvis, dilation of the channel and placement of the nephroscope, and the choice of stone removal or lithotripsy according to the actual situation.

Indications: **Some complex kidney stones, such as 20mm kidney stones, staghorn stones, multiple kidney stones, and stones that are difficult to crush by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and **Failed stones.

Ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URL).

Salpingoscopic lithotripsy is to let the ureteroscope enter the ureter through the urethra through the bladder, and use the stone Wang Lan or stone forceps to remove the stone, or the ureteroscopy uses a laser lithotripsy machine and other equipment to remove the stone.

Applicable conditions: kidney stones with a diameter of less than 20mm, mainly including middle and lower ureteral stones, incarcerated stones with long stagnation time, ureteral stones with negative X-ray, and upper ureteral stones with ESWL failure.

Nephrolithiasis is a common disease of the urinary system, which is more common in middle-aged and elderly people. The severe pain at the onset of the disease makes people feel very painful, and kidney stones can also affect urination, some sand particles may be discharged through the urine, which may block or scratch the urethra, resulting in urinary tract infection, and kidney stones seriously affect the patient's life. So, what are the causes of kidney stones?

1. Drinking less water is one of the important causes of stones. Some people don't like to drink water in life, and they can't guarantee the normal water absorption of the human body. There are also some people who like to be sedentary for a long time, and the body's metabolism is slow, which is also prone to the concentration of urine and the formation of stones.

2. If you eat too much high-protein food, too much calcium and oxalic acid will appear in the body, and if these substances cannot be excreted after passing through the kidneys, they will continue to accumulate and eventually cause kidney stones.

3. When the human body consumes too much high-fat and high-calorie food, fat will reduce the absorption of calcium in the intestine, so the absorption of oxalate increases.

4. Sugar is an important nutrient for the human body, and an appropriate amount of sugar can have a beneficial impact on health, but if you increase it too much at once, especially lactose, it will make the body unable to digest it, so that it will pile up in the body and slowly turn into stones.

5. The accumulation of oxalic acid in the body is also one of the factors leading to kidney stones. Oxalic acid reacts with calcium in the body to form calcium oxalate, which can easily accumulate in the kidneys to form stones. Spinach, beans, potatoes and other foods that are often eaten in life are foods with high oxalic acid content, so they should be eaten in moderation.

6. If we consume too much animal offal and seafood in our usual diet, the number of purines in the body will increase, and the purines will react with oxalic acid, which will easily lead to stones. Therefore, in the usual diet, you should not eat too much animal offal and seafood, and try to eat reasonably to achieve balanced nutrition.

Kidney stones will be accompanied by many adverse symptoms and harm, and kidney stones should be treated as soon as possible to avoid more harm caused by the development of the disease. Usually be sure to drink more water, help the stone to resolve, under the guidance of a doctor to treat the symptoms**, usually eat less legumes.

Most of the causes of kidney stones are caused by improper diet, and some patients are caused by taking medications, and some patients usually hold urine and sit for a long time.

There are many reasons for kidney stones, it may be that you have a problem with your diet, some are your medicine, and some are easy to cause stones by eating tomatoes.

In real life, some people are prone to getting stones again after they have a stone. This is due to the existence of various factors that form stones in the internal environment of the patient's body, once there is a kidney stone, it is necessary to pay more attention to drinking water, pay more attention to adjusting the dietary structure, and avoid high calcium and high phosphorus food intake. At the same time, physical examinations should be done more frequently, such as B-ultrasound for half a year, to detect early kidney stones as soon as possible, which is from the patient's internal environment.

Some people don't drink much water and don't get stones in their lifetime

It's eating too much tofu, or soy products. There's also the fact that you eat too many carbonated drinks.

Inhaling too much dust, eating problems, and so on.

The main causes of kidney stones include the following:

Metabolic abnormalities, because different components of stones are caused by abnormal metabolism of different substances in the body, including calcium, oxalic acid, uric acid and cystine, can occur metabolic abnormalities, triggering the formation of stones.

Local factors are mainly urinary tract obstruction, severe infection, and foreign bodies in the urinary tract that induce the formation of stones.

Drug-related factors, such as silicates and sulfonamides, which predispose to the formation of stones, as well as acetazolamide, vitamin D, vitamin C, and corticosteroids, can also lead to the formation of stones during the body's metabolism.

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The cause of stones is more complicated, some stones are related to the weather and water quality, and some are related to anatomical abnormalities, such as some people have a narrow ureteral junction in the renal pelvis, because the flowing water is not rotten, the household hub is not beetle, and the passage is not smooth, and slowly the stone is formed in this place; Some people have other diseases, such as parathyroid disease, parathyroid adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia, calcium and phosphorus metabolism problems can also form stones; But people in the same place, some have stones, and some don't, because his own situation is different, so how do stones occur. The classification of stones is generally classified according to the composition of the stones, such as the most common calcium oxalate stones, oxalate, uric acid, cystine, magnesium ammonium phosphate and so on. If it is divided into kidney stones, ureteral stones, bladder stones, etc., in fact, the most important thing is kidney stones, and the real origin of this kind of urinary stones should be very few or almost none in the ureter, and the vast majority of kidney stones fall into the ureters to form the so-called ureteral stones.

Kidney stones**, including lithotripsy**, conservative**. Stones below 6mm can be drunk medicine to discharge stones, traditional Chinese medicine is relatively good, the general effect of stone removal is good, no ***, can also be prevented, it is recommended to use Defu Yue Qiang tea effect is good.

If it is a relatively small stone, such as a small stone less than 7 mm, this kind of stone will generally not cause obvious effects on the patient, and the patient will not have uncomfortable symptoms, and it is generally found through color ultrasound examination during the physical examination.

However, if the stone is relatively large, it blocks the renal pelvis and causes fluid accumulation in the kidney, which will cause some damage to the function of the kidney, and it is necessary to actively undergo surgery. At present, open surgical stone removal, percutaneous nephroscopic stone removal, ureteroscopic stone removal and other methods can be adopted**. If the stone is accompanied by an infection, it is necessary to control the infection before proceeding with lithotripsy**.

In addition, if the diameter of the stone is between 0.58 cm and 1.5 cm, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy can also be considered**.

1. Homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous nucleation.

Homogeneous nucleation is the ability of ions of the same substance to aggregate into nucleation. Urine contains many substances, and when the state reaches supersaturation, the ion crystallization of the same substance is polymerized and precipitated, and the higher the ion concentration, the greater the amount of crystallization. One crystal nucleus can promote the aggregation of another crystal nucleus on its surface, forming a heterogeneous nucleation similar to a crystal nucleus.

For example, sodium urate crystallization can promote the crystallization and growth of calcium oxalate. After the formation of urine crystals, if they are left to grow locally, it is beneficial to develop stones.

2. Oversaturation of the lens in the urine.

Usually, it is due to too little urine output, or excess certain garbage substances in the urine, such as calcium, oxalic acid, uric acid, cystine, and phosphate; When the urine pH is low (

3. Reduction of substances in the urine that inhibit the formation of crystals.

Usually urine contains many substances that can inhibit crystal formation and growth, such as pyrophosphate inhibits the formation of calcium phosphate crystals; Mucin and citrate inhibit the formation of calcium oxalate crystals, etc., and once these substances are reduced in the urine, the crystals are prone to stone formation.

Looking at the above introduction, you should understand the causes of kidney stone problems. In fact, the emergence of kidney stones is mainly due to dietary problems, patients should not only be active, but also pay attention to their diet, usually drink more water, which can help everyone eliminate stones.

A variety of causes can lead to the occurrence of kidney stones, which can be divided into congenital factors and acquired factors.

1. Congenital factors.

Metabolic problems such as hyperoxaluria and hyperuricic cystine, as well as congenital anatomical abnormalities such as hydronephrosis and renal malformations can lead to the formation of kidney stones.

2. Acquired factors.

Poor dietary structures or lifestyle habits such as drinking less water, drinking strong tea or coffee, eating too many green leafy vegetables, excessive sugar intake, malnutrition, excessive calorie intake, and less exercise are associated with the occurrence of kidney stones.

There are many causes of kidney stones, such as hereditary factors, metabolic factors, infectious factors, environmental factors, dietary factors, drug factors, etc. However, the main cause of kidney stone formation is diet. Stones can be caused by excessive intake of the relevant components in the diet that can form stones.

2.Excessive accumulation of oxalic acid in body organs is a major factor in the formation of kidney stones. Foods like spinach, beans, grapes, tea, oranges, and tomatoes are nutritious, but they are also high in oxalic acid.

If you consume too much of this, it will cause new stones to appear or worsen the symptoms of previous stones.

3.Kidney stones can also occur due to metabolic dysfunction of the body. For example, animal liver, seafood, and peanuts all contain more purines.

After this ingredient enters the body, it is metabolized, but the final substance of metabolism is uric acid. Uric acid can promote the precipitation of oxalate in the urine. After a large amount of this purine component enters the body, it will not only disrupt the normal metabolic function, but also cause oxalate to be deposited in the urine and form urinary stones.

4.The occurrence of kidney stones is also related to too much fat intake in the diet. High-fat meat, especially fatty pork, not only increases the fat index, but also reduces the calcium that can be bound in the intestines, which will cause an increase in the absorption of oxalate.

It is likely that the kidney stone formed in this case.

The formation process of kidney stones is caused by certain factors to increase the concentration of stone-forming substances in the urine or reduce the solubility, which is in a supersaturated state, precipitates crystals and grows and accumulates locally, and finally forms stones.

What are the best causes of kidney stones?

Metabolic abnormalities. Urinary tract stones are mostly composed of human metabolites, and stones of different components can reflect the metabolic abnormalities of the corresponding components in the body. Common lithoforming components in urine include calcium, oxalic acid, uric acid, and cystine.

Any physiological disorder that causes abnormal composition may initiate stone formation and promote stone growth.

Local factors. Stones caused by local factors in the urinary tract system are mostly formed on the basis of other lesions. Urinary tract obstruction, infection, and the presence of a foreign body in the urinary tract are the main local factors that predispose to stone formation, and obstruction can lead to infection and stone formation, which is also a foreign body in the urinary tract, which can exacerbate the degree of obstruction and infection.

Drug-related factors.

Drug-induced kidney stones account for 1% of all stones and are divided into 2 main categories:

Drugs with high concentrations and low solubility in the urine, including triamterene.

indinavir, silicates and sulfonamides, among others, which are themselves components of stones;

Drugs that can induce stone formation, including acetazolamide.

Vitamins D, C, and corticosteroids, which are metabolized to lead to the formation of stones in other components.

What are the triggers of kidney stones?

Climatic factors. Climate can directly or indirectly induce stone formation, with the peak incidence occurring in summer, when increased water loss from perspiration and respiration leads to concentrated urine. The second is the prolongation of sunshine hours, the increase of the body's synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, the increase of calcium content in the body, the increase of urinary calcium excretion, and the formation of stones.

Dietary factors. Insufficient water intake can lead to concentrated urine, excessive intake of animal protein, sodium, calcium, long-term low-magnesium diet, vitamin A

B6 deficiency also increases the risk of kidney stones. Drinking water in mountainous areas is not purified and contains more minerals, which may increase the risk of stones.

Pharmacological factors. Long-term use of glucocorticoids and vitamin C

more than 4 g per day), sulfonamides, and ceftriaxone.

are associated with an increased risk of kidney stones.

Metabolic abnormalities. Elevated concentrations of calcium, oxalic acid, uric acid, and cystine in the urine can promote kidney stone formation.

Urinary tract factors. Urinary tract infections.

Urinary tract obstruction and urinary tract foreign bodies can promote the formation of kidney stones.