Some summary questions about alcohols, a few questions about alcohols in organic chemistry

1.Can be oxidized to aldehydes: an alcohol, -CH2OH, which is attached to a carbon atom containing two hydrogen atoms

2.Can be oxidized, but cannot produce aldehydes: an alcohol, -choh-, which is attached to a carbon atom containing one hydrogen atom

3.Cannot be oxidized: hydroxyl linked carbon atom without hydrogen atom alcohol, -coh-4The elimination reaction can occur: there is a hydrogen atom on the adjacent carbon atom adjacent to the hydroxyl group, and there is hydrogen on the adjacent carbon site.

Remember: primary alcohols become aldehydes, secondary alcohols become ketones, tertiary alcohols do not oxidize, and alcohols that do not contain -h do not disappear.

Primary alcohols refer to alcohols in which the hydroxyl-linked carbon is linked to only one carbon, and the fragment structure formula-CH2OH is the same, and the hydroxyl-linked carbon of the secondary alcohol is linked to two carbons. -Choh-tertiary alcohol is an alcohol linked to three carbons.

You can imagine that alcohol oxidation is dehydrogenation, primary alcohol dehydrogenation is aldehyde, secondary alcohol dehydrogenation, carbon-oxygen double bonds remain in the middle of the carbon chain, which is ketones, and tertiary alcohols do not have two hydrogens to dehydrogen and cannot be oxidized.

In the elimination reaction, the hydrogen of alcohol refers to the carbon next to the carbon attached to the hydroxyl group.

For example, in the molecule CH3-CH0H-CN, the leftmost hydrogen is hydrogen. If eliminated (one part of the water is removed), the hydroxyl group on -choh- will combine with the leftmost hydrogen to form water, and at the same time produce a carbon-carbon double bond. If there is no hydrogen on the far left, then -oh has nowhere to be eliminated.

1。The same carbon atom has hydrogen atoms and hydroxide radicals, and the alcohols of the carbon atoms at the head or tail of the chain can be oxidized to aldehydes.

2.The carbon atom is in the middle of the carbon chain, and the same carbon atom is connected to the hydrogen atom and the hydroxide radical.

3.There are only hydroxide radicals attached to the carbon atoms, and there are no hydrogen atoms.

4.The same carbon atom has hydrogen atoms and hydroxide atoms attached to it, or adjacent carbon atoms have hydrogen atoms and another carbon has hydroxide radicals.

1.There are 2 hydrogen atoms on the carbon atom attached by the hydroxyl group.

Ketones can be oxidized ---.

3.There is no hydrogen atom on the carbon attached to the hydroxyl group.

4.The carbon next to the hydroxyl carbon must contain hydrogen.

Alcohol:A large group of organic compounds is compounds formed by the substitution of hydrogen atoms in the side chains of aliphatic hydrocarbons, alicyclic hydrocarbons or aromatic hydrocarbons with hydroxyl groups.

1. Classification. 1) According to the type of carbon atom attached by the hydroxyl group, it is divided into primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, and tertiary alcohol.

2) According to the species of hydrocarbon groups connected by hydroxyl groups, they are divided into fatty alcohols, alicyclic alcohols and aromatic alcohols. Fatty alcohols are further divided into saturated alcohols and unsaturated alcohols according to whether the hydrocarbon group part contains unsaturated bonds.

3) According to the different hydroxyl number contained in the molecule, it is divided into monool, diol and teranol. Alcohols containing two or more hydroxyl groups are collectively known as polyols.

4) The alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to a double-bonded carbon is called an enol, and the structure of the enol is unstable and easily isomerized into a stable carbonyl compound.

2. Physical properties.

Alcohols are affected by hydroxyl groups and have intermolecular hydrogen bonds, and in water there are also hydrogen bonds between alcohol molecules and water molecules. Therefore, their physical properties are quite different from the corresponding hydrocarbons. It is mainly manifested in the relatively high melting and boiling point, and has a certain solubility in water.

In general, the lower alcohols are better water-soluble, and methanol, ethanol and propanol can be miscible with water in any proportion.

4 The alcohol of 11 carbon atoms is an oily liquid, partially soluble in water, and with the increase of the number of carbon atoms, the influence of the hydrocarbon group on the molecule becomes more and more blind, so that the physical properties of the higher alcohols are closer to the corresponding hydrocarbons. In addition, the lower alcohol has a special smell and spicy taste, while the higher alcohol is odorless and tasteless.

The first:

With the hydrogen on the left side of the carbon is eliminated, because the double bond of the product can be conjugated with the benzene ring second:

I don't know ......The third:

The rate-determining step in the removal of the hydroxyl group and the substitution of the bromine group is the removal of the hydroxyl group, in other words, the more stable the carbocation formed after removal, the more likely it is to react. Carbocation is an electron-deficient group, the more electron-pushing groups linked on the carbocation, the more stable the carbocation, in the final analysis, it is to judge the electron-pushing effect of the linked group on the hydroxyl carbon, the alkyl group is electron-pushing, halogen and nitro are electron-sucking, and the nitro group has a stronger electron-withdrawing ability. The solid answer is so.

What is the title of the second question, I can't see clearly.

The first is intramolecular dehydration, which should be fine, and the product may be a mixture.

1. No, it depends on the specific situation, the structure of (6) should pay attention to the left side is the benzene ring, so it will be dehydrated to the left side to form a conjugated structure.

2. Intramolecular dehydration, which is a elimination reaction, belongs to the E1 mechanism, a single molecule, that is, C+ ions are formed first, so the more stable the C+ ions formed, the easier it is to eliminate, so, 1>4>2>3

3. This is a nucleophilic substitution reaction, which belongs to SN1, so the more stable the C+ ions formed, the faster they are. Therefore, if you can supply electrons, you can stabilize C+ ions, and the activity will be great.

Both are benzene rings, but the substituents on the benzene rings are different.

5) is the methyl group, which is the most stable for electrons.

2) Compared with (4), there is an extra methyl group on C+, which is more stable.

1) and (3) are both electron-withdrawing groups, and the nitro group of (3) is the electron-withdrawing group of conjugation, so the action is stronger, so the activity is minimal.

2；1；3

2 -oh corresponds to one h2

h2 is the same, that is, 3*2=6*1=2*3

The ratio of the amount of substances that consume these three alcohols is 3:6:2, so the ratio of the number of hydroxyl groups in the three alcohol molecules a, b, and c is.

<>1 COOH is acidic.

The partial hydrolysis of the 2 esters yields ethohmaric acid and phenolic hydroxyl groups, both of which are also acidic.

There is an ester structure in the upper right corner, which is hydrolyzed in the base to obtain a picocarboxylic acid ion and a hydroxyl group attached to the benzene ring.

In the lower right corner, the knots and structures of carboxylic acids will get carboxylic acid ions when they touch the base.