Introduction to the Warring States Policy, literary knowledge, what are the literary achievements of

Intrigues of the Warring States) is a country-specific history book. It mainly describes the political propositions and strategies of the Zonghengjia in the Warring States Period, shows the historical characteristics and social features of the Warring States Period, and is an important classic for the study of the history of the Warring States Period. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang compiled 33 articles, and the title of the book was also formulated by Liu Xiang.

In the Song Dynasty, there was already a deficiency, and Zeng Gong made a correction. There is a high temptation of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it is now incomplete. Song Baobiao changed the order of the original book and made new notes.

Wu Yuanshi Dao wrote "School Notes", modern Jin Zhengwei has "Supplementary Interpretation", and today's Miao Wenyuan has "New Notes on Warring States Policy". "Warring States Policy" is a masterpiece of ancient Chinese historiography. One of them, "The Snipe and the Clam Fight", is included in the primary school textbook, and it is a national history book.

The book is divided into Eastern Zhou, Western Zhou, Qin, Qi, Chu, Zhao, and Wei.

Korea, Yanguo, Song, Weiguo, and Zhongshan were compiled in turn, divided into 12 policies, a total of 33 volumes, and a total of 497 articles. The recorded history starts with the destruction of the Fan clan by Zhibo in 490 BC and ends in 221 BC when Gao gradually left to attack Qin Shi Huang.

About 120,000 words. It is one of the most accomplished and influential works of pre-Qin historical prose. "Warring States Policy" is one of the most complete works in ancient China that records the political struggles of the Warring States Period.

It is actually a compilation of the lobbying words of the Zongheng family at that time, and the changes in the situation of the Seven Kingdoms at that time, the combination of vertical and horizontal, the prolongation of wars, and the change of regime are all related to the advice of strategists and the debate of wise men, so it has important historical value. The book is beautifully written, the language is vivid, full of eloquence and wit, and the characters are vividly described, and it also occupies an important position in the history of classical literature in China. "Warring States Policy" is good at argumentation and narrative, good at describing characters, fluent and lively, and has an important position in China's prose poetry.

Fables are often used to expound the truth, and the famous fables include "Painting the Snake and Adding Feet", "Mending the Dead", "The Three Holes of the Cunning Rabbit", "The Fox and the Fake Tiger", etc. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, when Liu Xiang was collating group books, he found six kinds of manuscripts that recorded Zonghengjia in the royal collection, but the content was chaotic and the text was incomplete. So Liu Xiang compiled the "Warring States Policy" according to the country.

Therefore, the Warring States Policy is obviously not made by one person at a time, Liu Xiang is only the reviser and compiler of the Warring States Policy. Because most of the records in his book are the political propositions and diplomatic strategies of the country that the Zonghengjia supplemented during the Warring States Period, Liu Xiang named the book "Warring States Policy". Northern song dynasty.

At that time, "Warring States Policy" was scattered a lot, and it was supplemented by Zeng Gong, which was the current "Warring States Policy". In 1973, a number of silk books were unearthed in the No. 3 Han Tomb of Mawangdui in Changsha, one of which was similar to the current "Warring States Policy", which was named "Warring States Zongheng Family Book" after collation

More or less the same.

The Warring States Policy was compiled by Liu Xiangxiang of the Western Han Dynasty according to the historical materials of the Warring States Period, with a total of 33 volumes, divided into national compilations.

Introduction: National Policy is a very good classical work in our country. In the Warring States period.

The changes of the times have created many scholars who have gone to various countries to lobby the monarch. Warring States Policy.

It is a work that records the words of the scholar's lobbying, and it has a high literary achievement. Next, let's take a look at what aspects have achieved high literary achievements?

1. The status of the Warring States Policy

The Warring States Policy is not only called Brother Zhan, but also called the Zongheng family.

Yan is not only an important historical work, but also an excellent collection of essays, marking a new peak in the development of historians' literature. Moreover, this book is also a basic material for the study of the history of the Warring States, and he has achieved many achievements, and it is a masterpiece of prose with far-reaching influence. Warring States Policy is a highly accomplished work of Chinese studies in the pre-Qin classics, which describes the intricate social phenomena of the time and shows a magnificent real life in that era.

With the momentum of some people across the world, the literati of all generations were impressed.

2. The literary achievements of the Warring States Policy

The Warring States Period has high artistic characteristics, and many types of literary genres have appeared in it.

Secondly, there are many breakthroughs in the Warring States Policy. The language art of the Warring States Policy has a high unique aesthetic effect, his momentum and formal beauty make our current people also feel the success of the work at that time, the literary achievements of the Warring States Policy are also manifested in his words, it has a very great charm in the language art of defeating the dust, using some metaphorical techniques, step by step to make the characters more imposing, marking a new level of pre-Qin narrative prose language use. The Warring States Policy uses a lot of extravagant rendering in terms of narrative and narrative, it uses some ups and downs of the plot, as well as the personalized language of the characters and the form and details of the characters to portray the storyline, which is very expressive.

A story can tell all the character traits of a person in this artistic way.

Medium is rare.

All in all, I think that the achievements of this book in Chinese history are very high, and it is worth reading, and it is helpful for us to understand history and literature.

Warring States Policy" The main and backup refers to the reflection of the longitudinal or ideological strategy, the political concept is very progressive, mainly emphasizing the importance of talents, the selection of talents and the core of political thought, reflecting the Warring States period of active thought, the characteristics of multiple cultural elements, is an important literature and classics for future generations to study the history of the Warring States Period, many of the contents are worthy of our learning, literary achievements are very prominent, marking the development of China's ancient liquid rolling prose to a new period.

This work represents the development of the ancient dismantling of the world, with a particularly high literary quality, which highlights the image of the characters, Zhaoju a work of the brigade to guess the limbs shows the thoughts of the Zonghengjia, but also reflects their political strategy of judging the situation, the content is particularly complex, showing the values of different people.

The cultural achievements of the Warring States Policy are talked about and fought together, and it is a country-specific history book of our country, which shows the style and appearance of the Warring States Period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and publicizes some better military views and policies.

The characters are very bright and old, creating a precedent, vividly describing the characters, describing many representatives with distinct personalities, creating a precedent for people to imitate, and there are a lot of imaginative ingredients.

"Warring States Policy" is an important book for the study of the history of the Warring States Period, the book has a vivid description of the characters of the various trouser classes during the Warring States Period, and the characters are vividly portrayed.

How much influence did "Warring States Policy" have on Chinese literature? What is the literary value of "Warring States Policy"? It is not only a work of history, but also a very good historical essay.

Warring States Policy is a collection of historical essays with high literary value. It portrays characters with distinct personalities and lifelike, and successfully portrays many different types of characters, <>

Warring States Policy is a collection of historical essays with high literary value. It portrays characters with distinct personalities and lifelike, and successfully portrays many different types of characters, such as Su Qin's treacherous schemes, his foresight, and Yiyan's contempt for the powerful. , highlighting the different thoughts, personalities, and mental outlooks of counselors and counselors.

There are many complete and dramatic stories, with vivid narrative images, such as "Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi", "Feng Tan visits", "Lu Zhonglian is righteous and not for Qin", "Jing Ke assassinates the King of Qin" and so on.

He is also adept at using figures of speech such as metaphors, exaggerations, and allegoryes. , the meaning is profound, and the effect is obvious. Among them, Bole knows horses, paints snakes, Smith, walks in the opposite direction, and snipes compete with each other have all become famous allusions.

With its broad thinking, gorgeous language, unrestrained style, and vigorous momentum, the Warring States Policy has had a profound impact on later literature. Many essayists after the Han, Tang and Song dynasties obviously benefited from this, and the "scattered" style of the Han Fu directly inherited the Warring States policy.

The 33 articles of the "Warring States Policy" from the Spring and Autumn Period to the unification of Qin. The author is unknown, and there is no clear title for the book. Liu Xiang of the Western Han Dynasty sorted it out and named it "Warring States Policy".

The Spring and Autumn Period was the era of the decline of the Zhou Dynasty, and the heroes rose together. For hundreds of years, there has been a shortage of soldiers, heroes from all walks of life have been chasing the Central Plains, and their lives have been ruined. However, there is a saying that "heroes come out of troubled times".

This era of constant strife has also provided a big stage for some smart and cunning people to show their skills.

The Warring States Policy was not a history book at the beginning, but a collection of comments made by the samurai of the Warring States period on the monarch, and a study manual for the strategists of the time. When xi was proclaimed emperor, Liu Xiang compiled these books and rhetoric into a book of 33 chapters and 460 chapters according to the country and chronological order, regardless of repetition, and named it "Warring States Policy". The 12 national policies are:

Eastern Zhou, Western Zhou, Qin, Qi, Chu, Zhao, Wei, Han, Yan, Song, Wei, Zhongshan. It records the Warring States period after the Spring and Autumn Period, from the destruction of Fan by Zhibo and Zhongxing (I) in 490 B.C. to the unification of China by Qin Shi Huang in 221 B.C. and the attack on Qin by Gao Jianli (Yan Ce III), reflecting more than 270 years of political, military, and diplomatic activities. The content focuses on the lobbying speeches of advisers and strategists from various countries.

The Warring States Policy preserved many valuable historical materials of the time. When Sima Qian wrote the Records of the Historians, he used more than 90 historical events.

The Warring States Policy has a profound and huge impact on literature, and some of the information in Sima Qian's historical records is taken from the Warring States Policy, which allows our current people to better understand some ancient situations; The Warring States Policy has important historical value, and it is a book that cannot be ignored in the study and understanding of the history of the Warring States Period.

The Warring States Policy is a compilation of materials in China's Warring States Period, which to a certain extent reflects the social reality of the disputes between princes, the wars and disasters, the displacement of the people, and the misery of the people during the Warring States Period, which has important reference value for Chinese historians to study the history of the Warring States Period. The Warring States Policy has a literary value higher than the historical significance, he has created a series of vivid and specific historical figures, vivid images, put the characters into sharp contradictions and conflicts to express their personalities, and used traditional creative techniques.

This work has a particularly great influence on Chinese literature, and it has a very great literary value and a particularly large collection value.

"Warring States Policy" is a country-specific historiography, also known as "National Policy".

It records the events of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and the countries of Qin, Qi, Chu, Zhao, Wei, Han, Yan, Song, Wei and Zhongshan, and the chronicle begins in the early years of the Warring States Period and ends with the destruction of the Six Kingdoms by Qin, with a history of about 240 years.

This book also shows the historical characteristics and social features of the Warring States period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and is an important classic for the study of the history of the Warring States Period.

The ideological tendency of the book "Warring States Policy" has been criticized by scholars throughout the ages because it contradicts Confucian orthodoxy.

"Warring States Policy" was once denounced as "heresy" and "book of deviations".

Warring States Policy is basically self-contained.

His moral and philosophical outlook is mostly Taoism, and his social and political outlook is close to Legalism, which is incompatible with Confucianism, so it has been criticized by later scholars. ”

The author is not alone, the book is not written for a while, and most of the authors of the Chinese chapter of the book do not know who they are.

Liu Xiang of the Western Han Dynasty compiled thirty-three articles, and the title of the book was also drafted by Liu Xiang.

In the Song Dynasty, there was already a deficiency, and Zeng Gong made a correction.

There is a high temptation of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it is now incomplete.

Song Baobiao changed the order of the original book and made new notes.

Wu Shidao wrote "Warring States Policy Proofreading", modern Jin Zhengwei has "Warring States Policy Supplement", and today's Miao Wenyuan has "Warring States Policy New Proofreading".

The work of "Warring States Policy" mainly describes the political propositions and strategies of the Zonghengjia (lobbyists) in the Warring States Period during the 245 years from Zhibo's destruction of the Fan clan in 490 BC to the Gao Yuanli in 221 BC to build and attack Qin Shi Huang, or it records the activities and rhetoric of the Zonghengjia in lobbying various countries during the Warring States Period and the story of the struggle between power and wisdom, showing the historical characteristics and social features of the Warring States Period, and is an important classic for the study of the history of the Warring States Period.

Most of the materials are dated to the Warring States period, including the writings of the strategists and the records of historical sources. The original title of the book is uncertain, and it is inferred that the book was not temporary, and may have been after the unification of Qin. After Liu Xiang sorted it out, he deleted the obviously absurd content, rearranged the style according to the country, and named it "Warring States Policy".

Facticity. Since the completion of the Warring States Policy, the authenticity of its content has been controversial, and it can even be said that its nature and positioning are one of the most important components of the study of the Warring States Policy. Liu Xiang himself counted it as part of "Six Arts Strategy".

After the emergence of the four-part classification method, most of them were classified into the Department of History, but there have been different views on this division since the Song Dynasty. For example, Chao Gongwu of the Southern Song Dynasty "Junzhai Reading Journal" classified the "Warring States Policy" into the sub-department "Zonghengjia" category.

Since then, Gao Rusun's "Ziluo", Ma Duanlin's "General Examination of Literature" and "History of the Song Dynasty: Art and Literature" have all classified the "Warring States Policy" into the sub-department. Even in terms of name, there has been controversy over whether "policy" refers to "book" or "strategy".

There are also people who think that the "Warring States Policy" is "not a history book in the general concept", and may be a study textbook for the "strategist" class, with different lengths, so it is called "Long Book", "Repair Book" and "Short Book", which together are "Short and Long", and the content is about strategies and national events, so it is called "State Affairs", "Words" and "National Policy".