China s historical land problem, what is China s land problem?

The Land Question in Ancient China.

1.The ancient land system mainly includes:

The Jingtian system, formed in Shang, prevailed in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and collapsed in the Spring and Autumn Period;

The Shang Dynasty Reform Law recognized the private ownership of land;

Wang Mang implemented the Wang Tian system;

Cao Wei implemented the tuntian system;

The Northern Wei Dynasty, Sui Dynasty, and Tang Dynasty implemented the Juntian system;

Qing implemented the renaming of Tian.

2 Ancient policies of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce.

3 Ancient tax systems.

The taxation system with the number of people as the main collection standard, such as the household system of the Western Han Dynasty, the rent regulation of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the rent regulation of the Sui and Tang dynasties;

The tax system with land and property as the main collection standard is the tax system, such as the initial tax per mu and the two tax laws. Fangtian Equal Tax Law, a Whip Law, Diding Silver;

Monetary taxation systems, such as the Conscription Law, the Whip Law, and the Diding Silver.

4 The evolution of the CCP's land policy.

In light of the changes in social contradictions in different periods of revolution and construction, the Communist Party of China formulated a land policy that suited the reality of the time, which had a major impact on China's revolution and construction.

In 1931, the CCP formulated the policy of "relying on poor peasants and hired peasants, uniting with middle peasants, restricting rich peasants, protecting small and medium-sized industrialists and merchants, eliminating the landlord class, and changing the feudal and semi-feudal land ownership system into a peasant land ownership system." "The line of the agrarian revolution.

During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the CCP implemented a land policy of reducing rents and interest for landlords and paying rent and interest for peasants in the base areas.

In 1947, the CCP formulated the "Outline of China's Land Law", which stipulated the confiscation of landlords' land, the abolition of the land system of feudal exploitation, the implementation of a land system in which cultivators have their own land, and the distribution of land according to the rural population.

In 1950, the People's Republic of China promulgated the Land Reform Law to implement land reform and completely abolish the feudal land exploitation system that had lasted for thousands of years in China.

After the Third Plenary Session of the 11 th CPC Central Committee, China's rural areas implemented a responsibility system in the form of household production contracting.

China is a large agricultural country, so the solution of the land issue is particularly important. Agriculture is the most important sector of production, and the quality of agricultural production is directly related to the national economy and the people's livelihood, so the rulers of successive generations have regarded agriculture as a top priority and worked hard to supervise and organize agricultural production. How to ensure the peasants' interests is a major matter that has a bearing on the people's livelihood and the country's long-term peace and stability.

In order to solve the peasant problem, it is necessary to properly solve the land problem on which the peasants depend for their survival.

In feudal society, agriculture occupies a large proportion of social production, so land is a very important means of production, and a very important symbol of feudal society is the feudal land ownership system, which stipulates that the landlord occupies the land, which is the essence of the exploitation of peasants, and it is also the fundamental problem of some unfair things and social contradictions, so in Chinese history, the land issue is quite important! It is precisely because it has solved the unfair treatment of peasants who work hard but have no land, so it has won the support of the broad masses of the people.

Not only did there be friction between the peasants and the landlords over land, but there were also disputes within the ruling class, and the Qing Dynasty enclosure was a good example, and in the final analysis, it was because the land represented power at that time.

The ancient land system mainly includes:

First: the Jingtian system, formed in Shang, prevailed in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and collapsed in the Spring and Autumn Period;

Second, the Shang Dynasty Reform Law recognized the private ownership of land;

Third: Wang Mang implements the Wang Tian system;

Fourth: Cao Wei implemented the tuntian system;

Fifth: the Northern Wei Dynasty, Sui Dynasty, and Tang Dynasty implemented the Juntian system;

Sixth: the Qing Dynasty implemented the renaming of the field.

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The ancient land system mainly includes:

First: the Jingtian system, formed in Shang, prevailed in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and collapsed in the Spring and Autumn Period;

Second, the Shang Dynasty Reform Law recognized the private ownership of land;

Third: Wang Mang implements the Wang Tian system;

Fourth: Cao Wei implemented the tuntian system;

Fifth: the Northern Wei Dynasty, Sui Dynasty, and Tang Dynasty implemented the Juntian system;

Sixth: the Qing Dynasty implemented the renaming of the field.

The land issue is the most important social and political issue in China, and it has always been an important issue in China's revolution and construction.

Since the founding of the CPC, the CPC has attached great importance to the land issue, and in different historical periods, the party has formulated different land policies in light of the actual situation, thus finding a way to correctly resolve the land issue.

The history of the development of land resources.

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, in the face of the current difficulties faced in rural development, we have grasped the key link of rural land system reform, continuously deepened the practice of land resource protection and utilization, and formed a series of important expositions on deepening the reform of rural land system. The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China made it clear that the land contract relationship should be kept stable and unchanged for a long time, and the second round of land contract should be extended for another 30 years after the expiration of the second round of land contracting, so that the rural land contract relationship will remain stable for up to 75 years from the first round of contracting.

To promote the reform of the rural land system in the new era, it is necessary to persist in taking the protection of peasants' rights and interests in accordance with the law as the starting point and the end goal, unswervingly adhere to the collective ownership of rural land by farmers, and unswervingly uphold the basic status of household contract management. On the premise of upholding collective ownership of rural land, it is necessary to promote the separation of contracting rights and management rights, and form a pattern in which ownership, contracting rights, and management rights are separated and management rights are transferred.

At present, there are two main problems in land development and utilization in China: first, the degradation of land quality in large areas; Second, land is wasted, and good cultivated land is decreasing. The former includes soil erosion, land desertification, salinization, latent breeding and land pollution. The latter refers to irrational land use, indiscriminate occupation and abuse of cultivated land, etc.

The main ones are: First, soil erosion is serious. Deforestation, grassland reclamation, and improper harvesting and grazing have destroyed vegetation and exacerbated soil erosion, which are the main problems of land resources destruction.

In recent years, there has been an increasing number of industrial and mining, transportation and other large-scale projects, and the lack of attention to soil and water conservation in construction has also caused soil erosion to increase. Second, desertification is expanding. Land desertification refers to the phenomenon of wind-blown sand activities and desert-like landscapes under arid and windy conditions after the ground is lost due to the destruction of vegetation and the loss of ground cover.

Third, the area of secondary salinization of land is large. Fourth, land has been polluted and damaged, land has been wasted, the quality of cultivated land has declined, and insufficient attention has been paid to the protection and utilization of forest and fishing land. Fifth, land for urban and rural construction has been expanding year by year, occupying a large amount of cultivated land.

Sixth, the development of mining areas has caused serious damage to the ecological environment, and the ecological reconstruction of mining areas is imminent.

During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression: The land policy of the anti-Japanese base areas: the landlords reduced the rent and interest, and the peasants paid the rent and interest. Significance: to alleviate feudal exploitation and improve the enthusiasm of peasants to resist Japan and production; Protecting the interests of the landlords is conducive to uniting the landlord class to unite against Japan. Exploration of socialist construction.

For thousands of years, apprentices have been China's main social wealth, and there are only two kinds of public and private ones, and those so-called methods are nonsense.

China's land resources have the following characteristics:

1) Diverse land types. Among them, the land area of humid and semi-humid areas accounts for; Land area in arid and semi-arid areas. From the perspective of topographic height, from the eastern plain with an average altitude of less than 50 meters, it gradually rises to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with an altitude of more than 4,000 meters in the west.

2) Large mountainous area. Mountains (including hills and plateaus) cover an area of about 10,000 square kilometers, accounting for 66% of the total land area. 1 3 of the country's population, 2 5 of the arable land and 9 10 of the wooded land are distributed in the mountains.

3) The proportion of agricultural land resources is small. China's total land area is very large, and according to the existing technical and economic conditions, only 6.27 million square kilometers of land resources can be used by agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, as well as urban and rural construction, accounting for 65 percent of the total land area. About 1 3 of the other land is deserts, Gobi, glaciers, rocky mountains, alpine deserts, etc., which are difficult to use for agriculture.

Of the land that can be used for agriculture, arable land and forest land account for a relatively small proportion. arable land is about 100 million hectares, accounting for 14% of the total land area; About 100 million hectares of forest land, accounting for 17%.

4) Insufficient reserve cultivated land resources. According to statistics, there are still about 35.3 million hectares of land suitable for cultivating crops and developing artificial pasture and economic forests in natural grasslands, vegetable forests, shrublands and tidal flats, accounting for the total land area of the country.

The latest data on the second phase have not yet been released, and there is no land resource status in this area.

1.Agrarian Reform 2People's communization 3Agricultural cooperativeization 4Household responsibility system.

Because agriculture is the foundation of industry, if this series of land reforms is not carried out, agricultural products will not be able to meet the needs of the country's industrialization, and the development of the country's industrialization will be affected.

China's land use has the following characteristics:

Land development has a long history and a high degree of development, while the degree of utilization is low and the development potential is large. Land development in the country has a history of thousands of years. So far, the area that has been developed and utilized accounts for the total land area of the country, and the remaining undeveloped and utilized part is mostly hard-to-use land.

Among the developed land, the cultivated land is medium and low-yielding fields account for about 2 3, the forest coverage rate of forest land is low, and the amount of grassland is small. It can be seen that China's land development and utilization potential is relatively large.

Land resources are relatively abundant, and land use types are complex and diverse. China's land resources are large in area and variety, which provides conditions for a variety of development and utilization. The main types of land use are cultivated land, garden land, forest land, grassland, residential and industrial and mining land, traffic land, water area, etc., among which cultivated land is divided into paddy field and dry land according to water conservancy and irrigation conditions.

The proportion of cultivated land and forest land is small, and the proportion of grassland is large. Where cultivated land accounts for about the total land area of the country, per capita cultivated land per mu; There is forest land about it, and the per capita forest land is only mu; The grassland area accounts for about 28%, and the per capita grassland is mu.