The reason for the lag of natural science in ancient China

There is no so-called natural science in China? sky88088

Brother is right, "Since ancient times, Chinese have the idea of the unity of heaven and man, and like to see everything as interconnected. "But all this is the result of objectifying objects, because everything is indeed connected, for example, in a cool place you will feel cold, in the sun you will feel hot, if you face a mountain every day you will feel depressed, and every day you will see the starry sky over time your character will become cheerful, the wisdom of the ancients is very strong, they found that everything runs according to certain rules, and cannot be treated as a single object, for example, if you have someone around you, very strong like a mountain, you will feel depressedIf there is a person around you who is as tolerant as the starry sky, you will become very cheerful and so on, and then the ancients began to summarize their similarities, to put it bluntly, it is the operation of this world, and then called the gossip, and then completely invented the theory of yin and yang and the five elements. The common usage is to apply it to everything for deduction, which is similar to seeing that there is a mountain at your doorstep or that there are people who are much stronger than you next to you, and then deduce that your personality may be somewhat depressed, rather than saying that you are a bit depressed after a long time of careful questioning like a Western psychiatrist.

If you go further, you will deduce the connection between each thing in a certain direction and external objects, and the accuracy of calculation is different according to each person's ability, and what is needed is careful, in fact, the West is not unparticular about this, but their system is very different from ours, and they are better than us in terms of natural science. It's not very good, but it's true that they're much further behind than we are, and when they're still trying to ask people as they can, we can already tell what is going on with that person from the things around them. China has lagged behind a long time since the Qing Dynasty closed off the country, but it doesn't matter, it can now make up for it and develop its own civilization.

However, our Chinese gossip and even the five elements of yin and yang are a little difficult to understand, so many ** will be mythical, foolish people are stunned, see our generation is not angry, gossip, yin and yang, five elements, not about God and not about religion, when it comes to the inevitable ** of these, it is impossible to give money to turn evil, that is impossible, but there are more mixed truths and falsehoods, in general, although the gossip yin and yang five elements are powerful, it is best to learn a little by yourself and don't believe in others casually, this year **too much, Learn a little by yourself, at least you can pierce some low-level **, beware of the attention of the elderly.

The above are all calls, I don't know what I said, so let's do it, China has natural science and it is very strong, but the popularity is not high, and this is what I want to express in the next place.

Is it lagging? Ancient Chinese natural science was very brilliant, but in the Ming and Qing dynasties, due to the isolation of the country, blind arrogance, and did not pay attention to communication with the outside world, it slowly fell behind.

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Since ancient times, the Chinese have the idea of the unity of nature and man, lack the way of thinking of objectifying objects, and like to see everything as interconnected. Since people explain astronomical phenomena in terms of realpolitik, how can they discover the laws of the stars in them?

The agrarian society was earlier than the culture of farming, so it cannot be said that the natural sciences of ancient China lagged behind.

A few years before the Anti-Japanese War, the German-Jewish Waitfogel devoted a lecture to his work on Chinese society"Why China did not produce natural sciences".He started asking a question, he said:"Semi-feudal Europe, on the basis of a scale of operation that was not larger than that of the Chinese Empire, and often even smaller than that of Chinese industrial production, completed many scientific inventions and contributions.

All this was clearly accomplished in an environment in which the characteristics of the incipient capitalism were expressed, and the petty bourgeoisie was feverishly urged to accumulate power. "In "The Fundamental Problems of Chinese History", Radek pointed out that there was a fundamental difference between the social relations in Western Europe before the industrial revolution in Europe and the relations in China. If we do not admit this view, then China's environment is the same as that before the industrial revolution in Europe, so why did it not lead to the germination and development of science?

His answer to this question is:"With the exception of the sciences of history, language, and philosophy, China has only achieved real scientific achievements in astronomy and mathematics. As a whole, the natural sciences, which are concerned with the formation of industrial production, are merely stagnant at the level of collecting empirical laws.

Why did China, or pre-Han China, achieve a high level of mathematics and astronomy? It is assumed that the emergence of these sciences is based on the needs of social order in various large-scale water control projects and hydraulic projects; So this is the only era when these sciences were founded, right? "And then he said?

quot;The intellect of the Chinese thinkers was not used in the problems of industrial production which could form a system of mechanics; Rather than taking these issues as a fundamental and urgent task, the root of the great power in the Far East, Ka Kami, concentrated on other topics, namely, those arising from, directly related to, or conceptually reflective of the agricultural order. "He concluded:"They are not yet in a position to examine why Asiatic societies could not promote large-scale industrial operations in the same way and to the same extent as the semi-feudalism of the European Middle Ages in the process of disintegration, from the relationship between Asian and European societies.

We merely affirm the fact that the stagnation of the sophisticated natural sciences runs parallel to this industrial stagnation. ......China's natural sciences are not in charge of all departments, so only the poor and weak are developed, and the wells are not due to chance; Rather, it is the inevitable result of those obstacles that hinder the development of the natural sciences.

The conclusions of the above four authors on this question all boil down to the insuitability of the old Chinese society to produce natural sciences. Messrs. Chin Chung, Joseph Needham, and Justin Fogel unanimously argued that it was the institutions of the agrarian society that were at work; Mr. Chen Li's opinion is due to the organization of the patriarchal society, and the opinions of the two are really two and the same. Because patriarchal societies can only be maintained and developed when agriculture is the core of the economy.

It is impossible to write it for you, but it can give you some mainstream ideas and hints today. Strictly speaking, modern science was born in the Renaissance. Neither China nor the West had science in the strict sense of the word.

A kind of scientific science is a system, firstly, it is classified uniformly to find the internal relationship of some seemingly unrelated things, so that both relativity and quantum theory are classified as physics, and secondly, there must be correct and general research methods (induction, hypothesis proof, deduction, etc.). Third, the primary purpose of science is to explore the source, which makes it impossible for the current advanced science to be directly applied and lived. But science is a prerequisite to guide technology.

So it seems, for ancient China. We cannot forcibly classify metallurgy and alchemy as chemistry, stargazing as astronomy, and Nine Chapters of Arithmetic as mathematics. These are just the accumulation of experience, and the technologies that were born for practical purposes.

Metallurgy is for war sacrifices. Alchemy is for immortality, stargazing is for divination, and the calendar is for agriculture. Our ancestors were very smart, they were able to be careful and summarize some laws, but in the final analysis, they knew what it was and did not know why, which is contrary to natural science.

Our ancestors, on the path of development, produced the germ of science, but it did not even turn into a prototype. This is one of the drawbacks of pragmatism, which can lead to shortcuts in the period of low social formations and low human cognition, but in today's social and cognitive conditions, this will inevitably lead to backwardness.

Ancient Chinese natural sciences joined metaphysics, without systematic theory and in-depth.

In China's nearly 4,000 years of feudal society, there has not been a single incident that has been valued by the feudal ruling class because of its contribution to natural science. The long-term feudal reactionary rule, the eight-share selection of scholars, and the imperial examination system have caused China's intellectuals to always pursue the road of "studying to become officials", so that there has never been a systematic, in-depth, and categorical study of the natural world in China, as in Europe.

Yes, the four major inventions, the astronomical calendar, the nine chapters of arithmetic, these are all ah, but generally speaking, they are some people's family secrets, and they will not be taken out to share and discuss and then summarize the theorems.