Some topics in economics, economics topics are simple

Statistics:1There are four kinds, which are:

1) Classification scale. Characteristics: Numbers are used as different categories or different groups in the population of phenomena, which is the lowest level of scale.

In this case, the different numbers only indicate the difference in quality between the different classes (groups), not the order of the quantities between them or the magnitude of the quantities. The main mathematical feature of this scale is " or .

2) Sequential scales. Features: The ordinal scale can not only represent the different categories (groups) of quantities with numbers, but also reflect the order of quantities, so that the order of each unit and each category (group) can be listed. The main mathematical feature of this scale is " or .

3) Fixed-distance scale. Features: The distance scale, also known as the interval scale, is a measurement of the distance between categories or sequences of things, and it usually uses natural or units of measurement as the measurement scale.

The interval scale is a measurement scale that is one level higher than the ordered scale. Not only does it distinguish and sort things into different types, but it also pinpoints exactly how much the gap between the categories is.

4) Fixed-ratio scale. Features: The fixed ratio scale is based on the fixed distance scale, which can be used as the base number for comparison, and the two related numbers are compared to form a new relative number, which is used to reflect the quantitative relationship such as the composition, specific gravity, velocity, and density of the phenomenon.

Since it is a scale formed on the basis of comparison, it can show a deeper meaning. The main mathematical characteristics of a proportional scale are " " or " ".

3.Statistical Survey Program: Census, Sampling Survey, Statistical Report System, Typical Survey, Key Survey.

Money & Banking:

1.The basic viewpoint of interest rate evaluation theory: the forward spread is determined by the difference between the interest rates of the two countries, and the currencies of high-interest countries must be discounted in the futures market, and the currencies of low-interest countries must be at a premium in the futures market.

Defects: (1) the interest rate parity theory does not take into account transaction costs; (2) the interest rate parity theory assumes that there are barriers to capital flows, and that funds can flow internationally smoothly and unrestricted; (3) The theory of interest rate parity also assumes that the scale of arbitrage funds is unlimited, so arbitrageurs can continue to carry out cover arbitrage until interest rate parity is established.

2.The risk structure of interest rates refers to the phenomenon of financing with the same maturity but different interest rates, which is mainly caused by factors such as default risk, liquidity and taxation.

1:m'Equal to (500,000 minus 40,000 minus 20,000 times 2) (100 times 50 times 12) equal to 100 100 2:m'is equal to m'Multiplying by 2 equals 200 100

There are three basic assumptions in economics. The first is called the "shortage" hypothesis. The object of economic research is the market, and what is bought and sold in the market must be in short supply, and what is not in short supply is not bought and sold.

The simplest example is air, there is no shortage of air, so there is no air market, and economics is not studied. The second hypothesis is called the "homo economicus" hypothesis. It is assumed that every individual in the economy and society, whether it is a consumer or a business, is selfish and seeks to maximize his own personal interests.

If everyone learns from Lei Feng, then economics is not applicable to this social phenomenon, and it is studied by other disciplines. The third is the "complete information" assumption. That is, it is assumed that consumers are fully aware of the cost and production output of the company, the quality of the product, and so on.

On the other hand, companies also fully understand the needs of consumers, the purchasing power of consumers, and so on. There are also no trade secrets in business-to-business competition. This simplifies the object of study in economics, otherwise it would be difficult to study.

1.From y=c+i, y=2500-25r (1) from m=l, derive, y=1500+25r (2) according to (1) and (2) get y=2000, r=20, and then find i=200, substitute l=, and obtain, l=304, l-m=304-300=4 is the additional investment.

In addition, there is no such thing as an exaggerated fiscal policy, but an expansionary fiscal policy.

The change in demand refers to the change in the demand for a commodity caused by the change of ** when other conditions remain unchanged. In geometry, the change in demand is expressed as the movement of the combination of demand quantities of a commodity along a given demand curve. For example, when a commodity changes from 2 yuan to 5 yuan, and the demand for the commodity it causes drops from 600 units to 300 units, the combination of the demand quantity of the commodity moves from point A along the established demand curve qd=f(p) to another point b.

Note that this change represents a change in the quantity of demand, but does not represent a change in the overall state of demand. Because of the change in demand, the points of change are all on the same demand curve.

What is often confused with changes in demand is changes in demand. The change in demand refers to the change in the demand for a commodity due to other factors under the condition that the commodity remains unchanged. Other factors here refer to changes in the level of consumer income, changes in related goods, changes in consumer preferences, and changes in consumer expectations for goods.

In geometry, a change in demand is represented by a shift in the position of the demand curve.

The diagram is not easy to do, let me tell you how to do it, just introduce it with the unary function image of junior high school, set the ice cream, the amount of lemonade is x1 and x2 respectively, and the cost is y1 and y2 respectively, then the function is:

x2=y2;So there are two straight lines, and then establish a coordinate system, draw the straight line, take the first quadrant, and then add a straight line parallel to the x-axis y=5 so that you can besiege a figure, and then according to the change of the figure you can draw the conclusion you want, what will not continue to ask.

There's no way to draw it here, but to give you an idea, it's about the shape of a mountain when you draw it.

The equilibrium condition for utility maximization is.

MU1 P1 = MU2 P2, which is the marginal utility of commodity X divided by X** = the marginal utility of commodity Y divided by Y**.

i.e. mu1 20=mu2 30 i.e. 3mu1=2mu2 is the most utility, and it can be seen from the data given that the utility is the greatest when buying 3 x and 5 y.

The maximum utility is 25 + 23 + 20 + 50 + 45 + 40 + 35 + 30 = 268

B should be chosen for this question.

Friedman argues that the quantity theory of money is not a theory of production, money income, or the price level, but a theory of money demand, that is, a theory of what determines the demand for money. He believed that the supply of money was exogenous, not endogenous. The expected change in the money supply will have an impact on the economy in the short term, but in the long run, a new equilibrium point will be generated, and the power of the shock will be lost.

At the end of the day, he argues that the time series function of the money supply is expected to be stable, although the actual data is often reversed. That is, changing the expectation of the money supply will work in the short run and not in the long run.

Arrived as expected? What do you mean? Changes in the money supply?