European garden design is Western garden design, isn t it?

No, the European-style gardens that we are mainly talking about now are European gardens, which mainly refer to the Le Nôtre gardens in France and Italy, which are mainly characterized by symmetry of the central axis, shaped plants, colonnades, etc.

The scope of Western gardens is more extensive, and it also includes modern gardens in the United States, English natural landscape gardens, Islamic gardens, etc.

European garden design is not European garden design, nor is it Western garden design. For example, you have a Tudor-style landscape in Beijing, China, which can be called a European-style garden. Both the traditional English landscape and the American landscape belong to Western gardens, but their styles are very different.

It is better to understand the past by reading some garden history books, and it is better to understand the past in the history of Western gardening changes (from Eden to natural parks) in the valley of needles, and there are no classic works of modern garden history at present.

The garden is a beautiful natural environment and recreational realm created by using engineering technology and artistic means in a certain area, through the transformation of the terrain or further building mountains, stacking stones, managing water, planting flowers and trees, creating buildings and arranging round roads. People are accustomed to regard the European architectural system represented by ancient Greece and Rome as Western architecture, and the regular gardens represented by France are called Western gardens.

More than 3,000 years BC - Ancient Egypt on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean produced the world's first regular garden.

500 B.C. – The city-state of Athens in ancient Greece and the Roman villas.

7th century A.D. – The Great Islamic Empire founded by the Arabs.

14th century A.D. – The heyday of Islamic gardens Mughal gardens in India.

15th century A.D. – The Iberian Peninsula at the southwestern tip of Europe.

Late 15th century A.D. – The emergence of water management and garden sketches in the Italian peninsula in Europe.

17th century A.D. - The central axis of France is symmetrical and regular.

At the end of the 17th century, France tried to use all cultural and artistic means to promote the monarchy.

Early 18th century – The prevalence of landscape gardens in England.

A.d. Ten. 8th and 19th centuries – the parallel development of the Jean and English styles.

In the middle of the 19th century, botanical research became a specialized discipline, and a large number of flowers began to be used in the landscape.

In the late 19th century, with the development of large industries, villas and gardens began to be built in the countryside.

Since the twentieth century (after the First World War) – the rise of modern schools has given rise to modern gardens.

It can be seen that European gardens = Western gardens.

Western gardens consist of many styles, and European style is just one of them

As follows:

The palace of Versailles is a classicist style building, and the façade of the Palace of Versailles is a standard classicist three-stage treatment, that is, the façade is divided into three sections, vertical and horizontal, the building is symmetrical, the shape outline is neat, solemn and majestic, and is known as the representative of rational beauty. The interior is mainly Baroque, with a few halls in the Rococo style.

The Humble Administrator's Garden is divided into three parts: east, middle and west. The east is sparse and the west is dense, surrounded by green water, and the water surface area accounts for about 1 3 of the whole park area, and water is the link and soul of the whole park. The eastern terrain is empty, with Pinggang grassland, bamboo dock qushui, hibiscus trees, Tianquan Pavilion and other pavilions dotted in between.

Lanxiangtang is the main hall in the east, and the south side of the screen door in the middle of the hall is the lacquer carving "Panorama of the Humble Administrator's Garden", which integrates the scenery of the whole garden into one wall.

The central part takes Yuanxiangtang as the main body, the landscape is bright and beautiful, the hall is elegant, the flowers and trees are luxuriant, and it is the essence of the whole garden. From the east into the middle garden, a clear pond comes into view, ancient trees, weeping willows blow the water, the lake and the stone are beautiful.

In general, classical Chinese gardens are subtle, subtle, quiet, and indifferent, and focus on emotional feelings. The various formal attributes of natural objects, such as lines, shapes, proportions, and combinations, do not occupy a dominant position in the pre-aesthetic consciousness. The space is reciprocated, the peaks and loops turn, there is no leakage and endless, the pursuit of implicit realm, is a kind of imitation of nature, the pursuit of nature of the closed garden, is a kind of "paradise".

Western gardens are lively, regular, extravagant, and warm. The buildings in the garden all pay attention to integrity, and the combination of geometric shapes achieves the harmony of numbers. Western gardens pay attention to unobstructed view, the pursuit of artificial beauty, is an open garden, a kind of "paradise" for most people to enjoy.

It can be said that Chinese gardens are basically natural, freehand, and re-imaginative; Western gardens, on the other hand, are basically intuitive, artificial, and regular.

European-style gardens can be divided into natural and regular. The representative of the natural style is the British natural garden, which is characterized by the original ecology, simplicity and generosity; The plants are not too artificially pruned, and the configuration is mostly natural community, which is related to the laid-back and casual life attitude of the British. The Palace of Versailles in France is a typical regular garden, which is characterized by clear axes, geometric divisions, and pruned plants; It gives a sense of grandeur and grandeur, which is related to the period during the formation of the French garden style (the period of the Industrial Revolution).

Germany is a terrace-style garden, and its style is similar to that of France, but Germany is mostly mountainous, and in order to adapt to the change of terrain, a terrace-style garden was formed.

The Chinese garden can be summarized by Hao Xingchang as a natural landscape garden with a sullen feeling, emphasizing poetry and painting, allegorical in the scene, touching the scene and blending the scene; Its landscaping means are mountain-building, stacking stones, and water management, and you can feel the charm of natural landscapes in a small environment. Chinese gardens can be divided into southern gardens and northern gardens. There is a lot of water in the south, the style is fresh and elegant, and most of them are private gardens, such as Suzhou Net Lion Garden and Shanghai Yu Garden.

The north is mostly royal gardens, majestic, colorful, showing the royal majesty, representing the Summer Palace and the Forbidden City in Beijing.

Speaking of the design of garden landscape design, in addition to the Chinese gardening techniques of stacking mountains and rivers, there are also European classical gardens, I want to know what are the forms of European neoclassical garden landscape design? The following is the relevant information on the European neoclassical garden landscape design form compiled by Zhongda Consulting for architects. The details are as follows:

Neoclassicism is a combination of classical and modern, and its essence comes from classicism, but it is not antique, let alone retro, but the pursuit of godlikeness. Neoclassicism is not the proper name of a specific genre in a specific region, as an aesthetic category, neoclassicism appears in a wide range of industries, including literature, painting, architecture, interior design, product design and many other aspects. In a broad sense, neoclassicism refers to the use of modern materials and craftsmanship under the norms of traditional aesthetics to interpret the classic essence of traditional culture, so that the works not only have an elegant and dignified temperament, but also have obvious characteristics of the design method of the times.

The neoclassical style is more like a diversified way of thinking, combining nostalgic romantic feelings with modern people's needs for life, compatible with luxury and elegance and fashionable modernity, reflecting the personalized aesthetic views and cultural tastes of the post-industrial era.

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The California School is typically characterized by simple forms, direct connection between the interior and exterior, hard surfaces adjacent to the home for garden furniture, small patches of irregular grass, mahogany decks, wooden benches, swimming pools, barbecue grills, and other recreational amenities. Fences, walls, and barriers create privacy, and existing trees and newly built pergolas provide shade to the outdoor spaces. Some also borrowed some characteristics of Japanese gardens:

Such as low bryophytes, ferns, evergreens, and naturally dotted stones. It is an artistic, functional and social composition, each part of which has been carefully considered with climate, landscape design and lifestyle in mind, and is a local, contemporary and humane design that meets the needs of a comfortable outdoor life and is very easy to maintain. The California School transformed the history of American gardens from a revival and plagiarism of European styles to a pioneering exploration of the diversity of American society, culture, and geography.

The Swedish Stockholm School is a synthesis of landscape architects, urban planners, botanists, cultural geographers, and conservationists. The aim is to use landscape design to break down a large number of cold urban structures, form a network system in the urban fabric, provide citizens with the necessary air and sunlight, provide unique shed height identification characteristics for each community, and provide recreation space for citizens of different ages. Meeting places and social activities are a synthesis of nature and culture that is recreated on the basis of existing nature.