What is the role of shadow prices in economic management?

If the objective function is profit, here is the shadow profit (which is of little significance); If the objective function is the amount of sales, here is the shadow**. People usually talk about the latter, where the objective function is the amount of sales, which is the shadow. From the interpretation of the formula, one can see that the shadow of this resource is the resource itself plus its marginal profit contribution to the product.

From this, people can see that it is the marginal ** and the highest purchase price of resources; It is the opportunity cost of the resource, the lowest selling price. This is the economic significance of shadow**.

Now people look at this text: "Under the conditions of a complete market economy, when the market price of a certain resource is lower than that of the shadow**, enterprises should buy the resource to expand production; When the market price of a resource is higher than the company's shadow**, the company's decision-makers should sell the existing resources." When the market of a resource is lower than the shadow, buy to expand production, and the marginal contribution of the resource to production is the difference between the shadow and the market. When the market of a certain resource is higher than the shadow, the existing resource is sold, and the effect is:

This resource does not need to be put into production to obtain excess profits equivalent to the difference between the market and the shadow. Of course, in order to ensure the realization of the overall goal, the resource should be sold at a higher market than the shadow under the premise of meeting the production of the factory.

Shadow price, also known as optimal planning or computation. It refers to the determination according to certain principles, which can reflect the real economic value of inputs and outputs, reflect the market supply and demand, reflect the scarcity of resources, and enable resources to be reasonably allocated. The shadow ** reflects the scarcity of resources and the demand for final products in a certain optimal state of social economy, which is conducive to the optimal allocation of resources.

The so-called shadow ** is also known as "calculation**", "shadow pricing", "****", "optimal**". It was first proposed by the Dutch economist Jenn Tinbergen at the end of the 30s of the last century, using the mathematical method of linear programming, reflecting the optimal allocation of social resources.

For money markets that use the amortized cost method for accounting, the risk control method of shadow ** should be used to assess the fairness of the net asset value calculated by the amortized cost method.

When the absolute value of the negative deviation between the net asset value determined by the shadow and the net asset value calculated by the amortized cost method is reached, the manager shall adjust the absolute value of the negative deviation to within 5 trading days. When the absolute value of the positive deviation is reached, the manager shall suspend the acceptance of the subscription and adjust the absolute value of the positive deviation to within 5 trading days. When the absolute value of the negative deviation is reached, the manager shall use the risk reserve or inherent funds to make up for the potential asset loss and control the absolute value of the negative deviation.

When the absolute value of the negative deviation exceeds for two consecutive trading days, the manager shall adjust the carrying amount of the portfolio held by using the fair value valuation method, or take measures such as suspending all redemption applications and terminating the contract for property liquidation.

Hello! Shadow is an important parameter of the economic evaluation of investment projects, which refers to the fact that the society is in a certain optimal state, which can reflect the social labor consumption, the scarcity of resources and the demand for final products. Shadow ** is a measure of the true value of goods in society, and it will only appear under perfect market conditions.

However, such perfect market conditions do not exist, so the ready-made shadow ** does not exist, and its approximate value can only be obtained through the adjustment of the current **.

In the evaluation of the national economy, the identification and calculation of the benefits and expenses of the project are different from the financial evaluation due to the different positions, interests and objectives of the evaluation. In the national economic evaluation, the main body of the project is the state, and the income and expenses are calculated by the shadow system relative to the national economy.

If there is no transfer payment as income or expense in the financial evaluation, and there are no indirect benefits and indirect costs in the financial relationship, it may appear that the national economic evaluation and financial evaluation of the project are the same, because when doing the national economic evaluation, it is necessary to exclude the transfer payment as income or expense in the financial evaluation and add the indirect income and indirect expenses that are not reflected in the financial evaluation.

It may be the planned economy, that is, the unexpected factor, the market is the most unstable factor.

Answer]: Shadow refers to the marginal output value of a resource when it is optimally allocated. It can also be said that the model bureau is in a certain optimal state of social economy, which can reflect the consumption of social labor, the scarcity of good sources and the demand for final products.

Summary. Shadow ** is a measure of the real value of goods in society, only under perfect market conditions will appear, but perfect market conditions do not exist, so the shadow ** also does not exist, only through the adjustment of the current **, in order to obtain its approximate value. Financial** is used in financial analysis.

The shadow ** is dedicated to the national economic evaluation of the project**.

Hello, I am inquiring for you here, please wait a while, I will reply to you immediately Hello, I am happy to answer for you. Shadow** refers to the contribution of any marginal change in the available quantity of a commodity or factor of production to the length of the national economy. Finance refers to the financial evaluation of construction projects based on the current system of virtual appeal.

Yun Kai. Shadow ** is the society's measure of the true value of the goods, the disadvantage will only appear in the perfect market code under the conditions of the cavity field, but the perfect market conditions do not exist, so the shadow ** does not exist, only through the adjustment of the current **, in order to obtain its approximate value. Financial** is used in financial analysis. The shadow ** is dedicated to the national economic evaluation of the project**.

Valuations are made using the "amortized cost method" and "shadow pricing". The role of shadow pricing is to avoid a significant deviation between the net asset value calculated using the amortized cost method and the net asset value calculated at market interest rates and market prices, thereby producing dilutive and unfair results for the interests of the holders.

1. If the enterprise increases the input amount of a certain input factor by 1 unit, it will increase the profit of the enterprise by a certain amount, and this profit increase is the real value of the input factor by 1 unit, which is called the shadow of the input factor. Therefore, people can judge the degree of resource shortage and the economic effect of the input factor according to the increase in profits, and optimize the use of resources to serve the decision-making of enterprises.

The shadow tells decision-makers which input factors are constraining the output of the enterprise, which are the "bottleneck" of the enterprise's production, and which inputs are underutilized and surplus. Shadow ** tells decision-makers how high ** to add a certain input element is worth it.

Shadow is the type of bond that the company calculates based on the estimated market yield, reflecting the level at which the money market holds the bond under existing market conditions. **The company routinely calculates its net asset value using the amortization method, which is based on the premium and discount of the historical cost and amortization of the bonds. If there is a large change in the market, there will be a large difference between the valuation of the shadow** and the cost amortization method.

When the deviation between the two is large, the company should adjust the portfolio according to the situation to control the risk.

The ** calculated by the linear rule method reflects the optimal use of resources. Calculus is used to describe the shadow of a resource, that is, when a resource is increased by a quantity to obtain a new maximum value of the objective function, the ratio of the increment of the maximum value of the objective function to the increment of the resource is the first-order partial derivative of the objective function to the constraint (i.e., the resource). When the linear programming method is used to solve the optimal utilization of resources, that is, in the process of solving how to maximize the total output of limited resources, the corresponding minimum value is obtained, and the solution is the dual solution, and the minimum value is used as the economic evaluation of the resource, which is manifested as a shadow.

Shadow ** is the change in the optimal value of the objective function caused by the change of the unit resource under the condition that other conditions are constant. This definition is based on the planning problem of rational use of limited resources in linear programming to achieve the best economic results. Shadow ** is the contribution of the unit resource to the target extreme value in this hypothesis, which is the unit ** of the resource, which reflects the contribution of the resource in the internal use of the enterprise, and is called the shadow of the resource.

It is obtained by the dual programming equation.