What is mainstream economics called after development and improvement?

The so-called mainstream economics is royal economics. The formulation of a country's economic policy and its direction are based on the core theories of the school. Therefore, mainstream economics is the dominant science, and mainstream economists have become prominent figures.

They are angry, they have weight in their words, they look down on other people, this is a common thing in any society, in any system, don't make a fuss.

The crux of the matter is that mainstream economics as we now think of it does not have their core theories, and their theories are crossing the river by feeling the stones. To put it more clearly, it is to take pains to find out the minds of decision-makers, and then to adopt some new terms or some puzzling mathematical models from Western economics to fool people.

If you look back at our mainstream economic theories in the past 20 years, you can confirm my view.

What is MBO

MBO is the abbreviation of managementbuy-out in English, which means management buyout, which mainly refers to the acquisition of the company by the company's managers by borrowing capital or equity transactions. Through acquisitions, the managers of the business become the owners of the business. Because management buyout has played a positive role in stimulating the enthusiasm of internal personnel, reducing costs, and improving business conditions, it has become a popular way of enterprise acquisition in European and American countries in the 70s and 80s of the 20th century.

For Chinese enterprises, the biggest charm of MBO is that it can clarify the property rights of enterprises, realize the return of owners, and establish a long-term incentive mechanism for enterprises, which is the most distinctive feature of Chinese MBOs.

From the current point of view, the role of MBO in China is manifested in four aspects: first, to solve the problem of "lack of owners" in state-owned enterprises and promote the reform of the property rights system of state-owned enterprises; The second is to solve the historical legacy of private enterprises with "red hats", realize the "return" of enterprises to the real owners, and restore the true face of property rights of private enterprises, so as to remove property rights obstacles for the long-term development of private enterprises: the third is to help state-owned capital gradually withdraw from non-competitive industries; Fourth, it is necessary to encourage and restrain the management of enterprise operators and reduce costs.

It can be seen that MBOs are given high expectations.

However, it can be seen from the practice of MBOs at home and abroad that MBOs are not suitable for all enterprises. Enterprises that implement MBOs must meet at least three conditions; First of all, the enterprise should have a certain space for management efficiency; secondly, the enterprise is in a highly competitive industry, such as home appliances and some high-tech enterprises with good growth; The third point is that the company must have an excellent management team, which is also the key to the success of MBO.

What is the post-quota era.

To put it bluntly, it is to lead the economic industry.

Labor Theory of Value.

The idea that labor determines value was first proposed by the British economist Petty. Adam Smith and David Ricardo also made great contributions to the labor theory of value. Value is a commodity economic category.

Commodities have duality, that is, value and use value, and use value is the natural attribute of commodities and is not comparable. Value is the condensation of ordinary human labor, the social attribute of commodities, which forms the basis of commodity exchange. The categories of use value and value of commodities are concepts used by Marx to explain the natural and social attributes of commodities, and profoundly reveal the essence of commodities.

Historical significance:

1. The Marxist labor theory of value discarded the views of classical British economics and laid the foundation for the establishment of the theory of surplus value.

Clause. 2. The Marxist labor theory of value reveals the general laws of the commodity economy and provides theoretical guidance for the development of the socialist market economy.

Clause. 3. Deepen the understanding of value-creating labor and make a new definition of productive labor.

Clause. Fourth, deepen the understanding of the role of scientific and technological personnel and management personnel in social production and value creation.

Clause. 5. Deepen the understanding of the role of new factors of production, such as science and technology, knowledge, and information, in the creation of wealth and value.

Clause. 6. Deepen the understanding of the interrelationship between value creation and value distribution.

It is the labor theory of value, which focuses on the development and improvement of Ricardo's theory of labor theory of value, and the theory of surplus value is one of Marx's most important discoveries.

Economics is the study of the laws of human economic activities, that is, the laws of value creation, transformation and realization. The theory of the law of economic development is divided into two types: political economy and scientific economy.

In order to give prominence to the position and role of a class in economic activities, political economy spontaneously studies the law of value or economic law from one aspect, and scientific economics consciously studies the law of value or the whole of the economic law according to the interests of the class it represents.

The core of economics is the economic law, in symmetrical economics, the optimal allocation and regeneration of resources are only the expansion and specific manifestation of the economic law, and the object of economics should be the economic law and economic essence after the optimal allocation and regeneration.

Micro and macro economic models. A related branch is economic mathematics, which focuses on the various mathematical methods used in modern economic analysis, which actually falls within the scope of applied mathematics.

applied economics; It mainly refers to the economic discipline established by applying the basic principles of theoretical economics to study the regularity of economic activities and economic relations in various sectors and professional fields of the national economy, or to analyze the economic and social benefits in the field of non-economic activities. Applied economics can be broadly divided into:

Disciplines that focus on the economic activities of individual sectors of the national economy, such as agricultural economics, construction economics, transportation economics, business economics, etc.;

Disciplines that involve various sectors of the national economy and have a certain degree of comprehensiveness as the research object, such as planned economics, labor economics, public finance, money, banking, etc.;

Disciplines that focus on regional economic activities, such as urban economics, rural economics, regional economics (economic regional planning, productivity distribution), etc.;

Disciplines that take international economic activities as the research object, such as international economics and its branches: international science, international finance, international investment, etc.;

Disciplines that take business management activities as the research object, such as business management, corporate finance, accounting, marketing (sales), etc.;

marginal economic disciplines that are intersected with non-economic disciplines, such as population economics intersecting with demography; economics of education at the intersection of pedagogy; economic law that intersects with jurisprudence; ecological economics or environmental economics at the intersection of ecology; socioeconomics intersecting with sociology; Economic geography, territorial economics, resource economics, etc., which intersect with physical geography.

These marginal economic disciplines mainly study the economic implications, economic benefits, and social benefits of the development and changes of these non-economic fields, and find out their regularity.

The sub-discipline of applied economics is constantly expanding and enriching to meet the needs of social and economic development. The development of applied economics is inseparable from social and economic practice and the guidance of theoretical economics, but their development in turn enriches the content of theoretical economics and plays a role in guiding practice.

Economics should be linked to the superstructure of national systems and laws to study various economic activities and economic relations; Political science and law should study various state systems and laws in connection with the economic activities and economic relations to be maintained. This interconnectedness and interaction also applies to economics and other social science disciplines.

Economics is closely related to sociology and psychology. People's economic activities and economic relations are the basis for determining a social structure, and people's production activities and consumption behaviors have certain psychological motivations and are affected by behavioral habits. However, people's psychological and behavioral states are often based on the consideration of certain economic interests.

Economics is a discipline that studies the "needs" and "satisfactions" of "human life and the development of human society".

What is the root cause of all economic phenomena?

Because, no matter what kind of economic phenomenon arises, exists, and extends, there are"Yes"Therefore, the fundamental reason for the emergence of all economic phenomena is: need! Namely:

The "needs" of the civilization and progress of society and the "needs" of people's lives. Therefore, the study of economics should start from "needs" and grasp the main line of "needs", and economic theories should be ahead of the innovation of economic development and social progress.

Social progress "needs" and personal life "needs".

The process of economic development is a process of "satisfying" the "needs" of social progress and the "needs" of individual life. That is to say, social and economic development must meet the "needs" of social progress and the "needs" of individual life, and there must be no deviation between the two.

This is because the "needs" of individual life and the "needs" of social development are two completely different forms, and the relationship between these two "needs" is interactive, mutually influencing and complementing each other. The "needs" of social civilization and progress are "satisfied" in the way of "overall planning, planning, and operation"; The "needs" of an individual's life are "satisfied" in the form of "transactions". "Trading" can give people more "satisfaction" under the premise of "market prosperity"; Under the premise of "abundant resources", "co-ordination, planning, and operation" can "meet" the needs of society for a high degree of civilization creation.

Market prosperity is the reason for abundant resources, abundant resources are the foundation of the construction of social material civilization, and the construction of social material civilization is the premise for more profound changes in market prosperity. Therefore, the market economy cannot be developed in isolation, and the planned economy is not dispensable, and the mechanism of "economic development" should be put into operation according to the transformation of conditions, that is, according to the energy situation of the "material base", an economic system that can fully release this "energy" in the process of "civilization progress" of society can be designed, and in the same way, an economic model that can more fully meet people's "needs" can also be designed according to the allowable conditions of the "market space".

1. Definition of economics 1.

Economics is the science that studies the laws of economic activity; That is to say, economics is a discipline that systematically explores the law of the transformation and transmission of wealth, which refers to the process of wealth creation, wealth consumption, and wealth transmission; At the heart of economics are the laws of economics. The new definition comes from Liu De's book "On Wealth".

2. Definition of economics II.

Economics is the science of the laws of economic development. Symmetrical economics is the end of political economy, the beginning of scientific economics. Political economy is the study of the position and role of various classes in the process of economic development.

Since political economy cannot be aimed at the general laws of economic development (although some political economies also claim to be aimed at the general laws of economic development), political economy as a paradigm is pre-economics. Symmetry is the deepest essence of the universe, the law of symmetry is the most fundamental law of society, and the principle of symmetry is the most basic principle of science and the most basic principle of economics. Symmetrical economics is an economics that uses the method of symmetry, the method of five-dimensional space, and the method of system theory to make a logical, historical, and realistic analysis of various factors and structures in human economic activities and their interrelationships, and to reveal the general laws of human economic activities.

Only symmetrical economics based on symmetry philosophy and the symmetrical relationship of human social and economic activities as its object, starting point and basic principle of constructing the system is scientific economics.

Economics includes: Ancient Chinese Economic History; Modern and Contemporary Chinese Economic History; Ancient economic history of foreign countries, modern economic history of foreign countries.

The main content is: to introduce the economic policy of a certain region or a certain country in a period of time, the reasons, conditions, time period, impact, and people who implement the policy. For example:

The Soviet Union introduced the New Economic Policy, which included: the abolition of freedom**; the implementation of the surplus grain collection system; comprehensive nationalization of large and medium-sized enterprises, etc.

Implementers; Bolshevik Party of the Russian Communist Party. Impact: It promoted the rapid recovery of the economy, ensured the material supply of the front, harmed the peasants' enthusiasm for production, undermined the workers' and peasants' alliance, etc.

It is the labor theory of value, which focuses on the development and improvement of Ricardo's theory of labor theory of value, and the theory of surplus value is one of Marx's most important discoveries.

The Formation and Development of Keynesian Macroeconomics The Keynesian revolution refers to Keynes's economic theory that made a revolutionary critique of the classical school of macroeconomics and established modern macroeconomics, which was marked by the publication of the book "General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money" in 1936. The Keynesian revolution is mainly manifested in three aspects: the focus of economic research has shifted from the optimal allocation of scarce resources to how to overcome the problem of idle resources; Capitalist market economies often operate in a state of less than full employment; ** Active economic intervention should be adopted to promote the achievement of full employment.

At the heart of Keynes's theory is the theory of effective demand. Since the 40s and 50s of the 20th century, Keynes's theory has been further expanded by later generations, and it has been continuously improved and systematized, thus constituting a complete system of Keynesian macroeconomics. These extensions are mainly reflected in the "IS-LM1 model" created by Hicks and Hansen at the same time, the "life cycle hypothesis" proposed by Modigliani, the "permanent income theory" proposed by Friedman, the development of Tobin's investment theory, the development of economic growth theory by Solo et al., and the development of macroeconomic econometric model by Klein et al.

With the efforts of many economists, Keynesian macroeconomic theory and microeconomics constitute the basic theoretical system of economics, which is also known as the "neoclassical synthesis school".