I don t quite understand, in string theory are strings smaller than quarks? How to explain chords to

String theory, or string theory, is a doctrine in theoretical physics. One of the basic ideas of string theory is that the basic units of nature are not particles such as electrons, photons, neutrinos, and quarks. These particle-looking things are actually closed circles of tiny, tiny strings (called closed strings or closed strings), and the different vibrations and movements of the closed strings produce a variety of different elementary particles.

Although the scale of strings in string theory is very small, the basic principles that manipulate their properties predict the existence of several large-scale film-like objects, the latter being shortened"membranes".Intuitively speaking, the cosmic space we live in may be a three-dimensional membrane in the nine-dimensional space. String theory is now the most promising theory that unifies the elementary particles and the four interacting forces in nature.

Quoted from Global Science, Issue 3, 2007, "Is the Universe a Heap Triangle? and Quest for Evidence of the Multiverse, Issue 12, 2007).

String theory is a doctrine in theoretical physics. According to the theoretical physical model, the most basic unit of matter is a small "energy string", which is composed of elementary particles such as interstellar galaxies and electrons, protons, and quarks. In Chinese, it is generally translated as "string".

With so many elementary particles, are they really all the most basic and indivisible? A large number of experiments in the past 40 years have shown that at least hadrons have an internal structure. In 1964, Gell-Mann proposed the quark model, arguing that the meson is composed of quarks and antiquarks, and the baryon is composed of three quarks.

He was awarded the 1969 Physics Prize. In 1990, Friedman, Kendall, and Taylor were awarded the Physics Prize for their pioneering work in the development of quark models in particle physics. In 1965, Feynman, Schwinger, and Shinichiro Asaga were awarded the Physics Prize for their contributions to quantum electrodynamic renormalization and computational methods, which had a profound impact on elementary particle physics.

Based on the quark model, Weinberg and Salam et al. completed a unified theory of weak electricity describing electromagnetic interactions and weak interactions. They were awarded the 1979 Physics Prize. At present, the development of unified field theory is moving towards the grand unified theory, which unifies the strong interaction, and the super-unified theory, which unifies gravity.

And this combination of theories about the small universe and the study of the big universe is advancing the progress of cosmology.

This is similar to a "black hole", and "quarks" are also deduced, and whether there are "quarks" or not is still debated in the scientific community, because until now people have not directly observed "quarks".

At present, the smallest substance known to the earthlings is the string, and no one knows what the string is made of, and no one knows what the material that makes up the string is even more unknown, in fact, this problem can be extended indefinitely, so it is impossible for the creator himself to know that the end of the chain of matter is **, so what the brother upstairs said is completely reasonable.

Atoms are made up of nuclei and electrons.

The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons.

In the figure above, the meson is the intermediate hadron that transmits the nuclear force, which is the force that makes up the nucleus.

The number in the figure represents the smallest unit of indivisible positive and negative electromagnetic information - qubits (Qubit) (name physicist John. Wheeler John Wheeler famously said, "It from bit."

After the development of quantum information research, this concept was sublimated to the point that everything originates from qubits) Note: Bits are bits.

Everything in the world is made up of atoms, so what are atoms made of?

String theory: The essence of particles in the universe such as electrons, photons, neutrinos, and quarks is the "string" that vibrates, and the way the string vibrates determines what kind of particle it is, so the essence of these particles is the same.

Color power: In order to facilitate the classification of quarks, scientists named the three types of quarks red, green, and blue (called color charges) (this does not refer to their color, of course, but is just named as such). Quarks have a strange effect called color confinement, that is, only quarks of a certain color can be grouped together, and they can only be grouped together, not separated.

For example, two or three colors of quarks are combined so that their total color charge is colorless, and such a combination exists. The force that makes them come together is called chromatic power.

The 11-dimensional that draws time and space outside the other 7 dimensions are all curled and cannot be seen.

There are two points of view.

1.One thinks that quarks are the smallest particles. For a reason called quark confinement, it is not possible to separate individual quarks. But it has been predicted that quarks may be composed of vibrating strings (superstrings). Take a look at Greene's The Strings of the Universe.

2.One is thought to be the Higgs particle. Also known as the God particle, it is a kind of elementary particle in quantum theory, a kind of boson with zero spin predicted by the Standard Model of particle physics, which has not been observed in experiments so far.

It is also the last undiscovered particle in the Standard Model. It can give mass to matter, and it belongs to the three fundamental forces that describe the strong force, the weak force, and the electromagnetic force, and the elementary particles that make up all matter. The Higgs particle is considered to be the source of the "mass" that generates elementary particles.

At present, it is the smallest, but in the future, no matter how advanced the technology is, it may not necessarily develop to a subtle level.

String superstring theory is a self-consistent theory established by people abandoning the assumption that elementary particles are point particles and replacing them with the assumption that elementary particles are one-dimensional strings.

In superstrings, the theory of relativity and quantum theory are combined through strings. Strings can interpret waves very well.

The particle is two-phase shaped, the uncertainty principle, and the vacuum quantum fluctuations, while the strings can be described as resembling rubber bands.

to conform to the relativistic theory of curved space-time. In conclusion, superstrings are the most likely for quantum theory and relativity.

of the place of union.

In superstrings, we need to know that all matter, including fields, space-time, and energy, is made up of strings.

constituted. The universe has 10 dimensions, and except for 4 dimensions of space-time, the other 6 dimensions are curled up in the Planck length range.

Internally, many of the intrinsic properties of objects are manifested in these 6 dimensions.

In superstrings, there are two types of strings: open and closed.

The open string takes the string as the main body, the two ends are not connected, and each has a charge, the source of the great unified force;

The closed string has a ring as the main body, and the two ends of the string are connected, and there is a load on the string.

It has been found that in the ten-dimensional space, there are actually five self-consistent superstring theories, which are two IIA and IIB, a hybrid string theory with a gauge of Apin(32) Z2, a hybrid string theory with a gauge group of E8 E8, and an I-string theory with a gauge of SO(32). Five possibilities are a little too much for a unified theory. As a result, there have been some attempts to derive these superstring theories from more general theories in the past, but it was not until 1995 that a relatively perfect picture of the unification of these five superstring theories was obtained.

All matter (including photons, quarks, protons, grains of rice. It's all made of strings! You say it's not the smallest!

A brief history of natural life in the universe, your popular science primer丨Produced by scientific sound, it must be a high-quality product.

Atoms are the smallest particles that maintain the chemical properties of matter.

Atoms are made up of nuclei and electrons.

The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons.

Protons are small particles that are positively charged, and neutrons are small particles that are not charged, both of which are very small.

Electrons are small, negatively charged particles, smaller than protons and neutrons. Light is made up of particles, and each particle is called a photon.

An atom loses or gains part of its electrons, which is an ion.