The historical evolution of Putonghua, the development history of Putonghua

Han'er dialect, the Northeast dialect, originated in the Northern Wei Dynasty, initially formed in the Liao Dynasty, matured in the Yuan Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty accent is close to the modern era, the Ming and Qing dynasties inherited the Yuan Dynasty accent, (these are the Zhengshuo Ye Emperor at that time, the strength of the south is slightly inferior to the emperor).

The Northeast accent, the region, is the largest dialect area, involving the largest population area, and the pronunciation is very close to Zhongzhou Luoyang Huaxia Gu, and it is also very conducive to reading written text, so it is forced to become Mandarin, that is, the popular dialect accent in the northeast direction, compromise average, like Hebei accent, in omitting the big tongue unique to Hebei and Beijing, it's over, it is Mandarin, Northeast dialect (including Hebei), the accent was initially formed in the Liao Dynasty, perfect and Yuan Dynasty, and may be the Northern Wei Dynasty at the earliest, That is, what was later called Han'er dialect Khitan flower begging big dialect, specific accent, light reference, the oral textbook of the ancient peninsula, the book is called Lao Qida.

When the area of the dialect accent area reaches 2 million square kilometers, it is forced to become Mandarin, and the northeast dialect is a collection of multilingual accents in the Heilongjiang River basin (covering an area of 2 million square kilometers), the western Xianbei Donghu Khitan, the northeast Yilou, the eastern Jurchen, the central southeast, the Sushen and the southeast, the Sushen and Fuyu Goguryeo, the southern Liaoning Hebei, and the northeast accent are fertile croplands, forests and streams The feeling of a long winter, and the northwestern dialect of Turkic cumin flavor is distinctive

The term "Mandarin" appeared as early as the end of the Qing Dynasty. In 1902, scholar Wu Rulun went to Japan to investigate, and the Japanese suggested to him that China should implement Chinese language education to unify the language. The name "Mandarin" was mentioned in the conversation.

In 1904, when Qiu Jin, a modern female revolutionary, was studying in Japan, she organized a "speech contact meeting" with students studying in Japan, and drew up a brochure, in which the name "Mandarin" appeared. In 1906, Zhu Wenxiong, a scholar who studied the phonetic characters, divided the Chinese language into "Guowen" (Wenyanwen), "Putonghua" and "Vulgar Language" (dialect) in his book "Jiangsu New Alphabet".

In the thirties of the last century, Qu Qiubai proposed in the article "The War Beyond the Ghost Gate" that "the task of the literary revolution is not only to create some new style of poetry and drama, but also to establish a modern Mandarin language for China." "The new Chinese language of modern Mandarin should be customarily used in all parts of China, with modern 'human dialect', polysyllabic, and ...... endings”

According to records, modern Mandarin originated from the Hakka dialect of the Central Plains of the Han and Tang dynasties. On this basis, it also inherited the "official dialect" system of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Yuan and Ming dynasties. Nanjing Mandarin is a model of Ya language and is highly regarded.

After Zhu Yuanzhang established the capital in Nanjing, Nanjing official dialect became the official language. But there are still two levels of written and spoken language. At that time, Jianghuai official dialect and modern Mandarin were basically in the same vein in the initials and finals, but Jianghuai dialect did not have a warped tongue sound, but it contained a large number of inomalactic words, which modern people may not be able to understand.

For more than 1,000 years, it is the reading sound of the Northeast dialect.

The Northeast accent, the region, is the largest dialect area, involving the largest population area, and the pronunciation is very close to Zhongzhou Luoyang Huaxia Gu, and it is also very conducive to reading written text, so it is forced to become Mandarin, that is, the popular dialect accent in the northeast direction, compromise average, like Hebei accent, in omitting the big tongue unique to Hebei and Beijing, it's over, it is Mandarin, Northeast dialect (including Hebei), the accent was initially formed in the Liao Dynasty, perfect and Yuan Dynasty, and may be the Northern Wei Dynasty at the earliest, That is, what was later called Han'er dialect Khitan flower begging big dialect, specific accent, light reference, the oral textbook of the ancient peninsula, the book is called Lao Qida.

When the area of the dialect accent area reaches 2 million square kilometers, it is forced to become Mandarin, and the northeast dialect is a collection of multilingual accents in the Heilongjiang River basin (covering an area of 2 million square kilometers), the western Xianbei Donghu Khitan, the northeast Yilou, the eastern Jurchen, the central southeast, the Sushen and the southeast, the Sushen and Fuyu Goguryeo, the southern Liaoning Hebei, and the northeast accent are fertile croplands, forests and streams The feeling of a long winter, and the northwestern dialect of Turkic cumin flavor is distinctive

The definition of "Mandarin" was unclear for decades before liberation, and there were different views. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, during the "National Conference on Character Reform" and the "Academic Conference on the Standardization of Modern Chinese" held in October 1955, the official name of the common language of the Han nationality was officially set as "Putonghua", and at the same time its definition was determined, that is, "Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation and northern dialect as the basic dialect". On October 26, 1955, "People**" published an editorial entitled "Efforts to Promote the Reform of Chinese Characters, Promote Putonghua, and Realize the Standardization of the Chinese Language".

The common language of the Han nationality is the Mandarin language based on the northern dialect and the Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation. On February 6, 1956, *** issued a directive on the promotion of Putonghua, adding the definition of Putonghua to "the common language of the modern Han nationality with Beijing pronunciation as the standard sound, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and exemplary modern vernacular writings as the grammatical norms." This definition clearly stipulates the standard of Putonghua from three aspects: phonetics, vocabulary and grammar, making the definition of Putonghua more scientific and thorough.

Among them, the meaning of the word "Putonghua" is "universal" and "common".

Modern Mandarin originated from the Hakka dialect of the Central Plains of the Han and Tang dynasties, and on the basis of the wide distribution, it also inherited the "official dialect" system of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Yuan and Ming dynasties. After the Zhou Dynasty, with the relocation of the national capital, Mandarin became the official language of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, which was the exclusive language of the Manchu rulers during the Qing Dynasty. Since the Manchus were the rulers, through the power of the regime, the Manchu official language, which was originally only for the Manchus, was promoted and spread throughout the country, and later became known as Chinese or Mandarin.

Putonghua: It is another name for modern Biaopei Liang quasi-Chinese, which is a lingua franca with Beijing pronunciation as the standard sound, northern official dialect as the basic dialect, and exemplary modern vernacular work Ayin as the grammatical standard. Chinese is not the same as Mandarin, and the promotion of Mandarin is not to artificially eliminate dialects, but mainly to eliminate dialect barriers, so as to facilitate social communication, and there is no contradiction with the people's use of inherited dialects.