The Emergence of the Modern Chinese Bourgeoisie and Its Two Parts?

1. The idea of democratic revolution propagated by the bourgeois revolutionaries has brought about a great ideological emancipation of the Chinese people.

2. The revolts and struggles in various places greatly weakened the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty and created an objective social and mass basis for the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution.

Representative figures are: Sun Yat-sen.

Zhang Taiyan, Huang Xing, Zou Rong, Cai Yuanpei and other Biyin. They differ from the reformists mainly in terms of means, with the revolutionaries advocating the use of violent means and the reformists advocating non-violence.

The bourgeoisie in Chinese history was the comprador bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie.

China's bourgeois military thought, from the military propositions of the Westernists in the last years of the Qing Dynasty to the military theories formed by the Beiyang warlords and the Kuomintang represented by Chiang Kai-shek after the Xinhai Revolution, all bear the imprint of Western bourgeois military thought. Historically, bourgeois military thought has played a role in promoting the development of military science in the world, but because it has served the policy of plundering and expanding on the basis of capitalism, it has many limitations.

In modern times, the Chinese bourgeoisie has a comprador background, a bureaucratic background, or a businessman background, all of which are China's national bourgeoisie. The national bourgeoisie is relative to the foreign bourgeoisie, and the bourgeoisie from compradors, bureaucrats, landlords, etc., is only a component part and a stratum of the bourgeoisie. Therefore, there is only one bourgeoisie in modern China, and there is no one or more bourgeoisie or bourgeoisie independent of the national bourgeoisie.

The modern bourgeoisie in China is mainly composed of compradors, merchants, landlords, and bureaucrats. One part is the bureaucratic capitalists (who exploit the working people and squeeze national capital by taking advantage of political privileges and close ties with foreign capital), and the other part is the national capitalists.

1 In the 60s and 70s of the 19th century, some landlords or businessmen in China began to introduce large-scale machine production methods, using indentured workers as labor force to invest in modern enterprises. Such enterprises have the basic characteristics of capitalist production, and they are scattered in Shanghai, Guangdong, Tianjin, and other coastal areas, which are different from the civilian enterprises set up by the Westernists, and this is the earliest national bourgeoisie.

2. CharacteristicsThe national bourgeoisie, which grew up in a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, was dependent on foreign capitalism for the development of its own economic strength and was also curbed by the commodity exports of the capitalist powers; The natural economy and the rulers of the country are the internal factors that limit the growth of the national bourgeoisie. These conditions deprived the national bourgeoisie of the same economic strength as foreign capitalism, determined the duality of national capitalism, and existed from beginning to end.

National bourgeoisie.

Duality: revolutionary, compromised.

Revolutionary in opposition to the dual oppression of foreign capitalism and domestic feudal rulers; The development of production depended on foreign capitalism and its own feudal rulers, and there was a compromise.

Growing up in a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, he hoped to change into a society that developed peacefully and capitalistically.

With little capital, small scale, and weak technical strength, it neither dares nor is able to promote social change.

Answer]: a, b, c, d

The bourgeoisie is a newly created class in modern China, which is mainly transformed by some compradors, merchants, landlords, and bureaucrats who have invested in new-style enterprises in the form of bending and bending tombs. The answer is ABCD (1p13).

<> the earliest bourgeoisie in China refers to the class in Chinese society that owns a certain amount of means of production or a small amount of property, mainly depends on its own labor for a living, and is generally not exploited by others, nor does it exploit others (or only slightly exploits others), and is an important uniting force in China's revolutionary united front.

In China, a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, the petty bourgeoisie consisted mainly of middle peasants, handicraftsmen, small businessmen, freelancers, and some intellectuals.

In the midst of the war and insurgency crises of the middle of the century, elements of new dynamism are gathering. After 1860, there was a sharp increase in foreign affairs; China established its first modern enterprises, including an ordnance factory, a steamship company, a steel mill, and a textile factory.

At the heart of this new development were the central cities of the coast, with Shanghai quickly establishing its prominent prominence. The booming coastal cities of the second half of the 19th century have been detached from the traditions of Chinese cities because they have become the focus of technological innovation and political disruption.

This double evolution was caused by the arrival of foreigners, from whom the Chinese learned new production techniques and methods of organization, and denounced the tyranny and incompetence of the empire under the protection of their concessions.

Despite all the efforts of the imperial court, it was not able to fully control these new urban centers in the same way that it had controlled inland cities in the past.