What are the non ferrous metals or rare metals, and what are the main producing countries?

Non-ferrous metals refer to all metals except iron, chromium, and manganese. In 1958, China included iron, chromium and manganese as ferrous metals, and 64 metals other than iron, chromium and manganese as non-ferrous metals. The 64 non-ferrous metals include:

Aluminum, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Copper, Lead, Zinc, Tin, Cobalt, Nickel, Antimony, Mercury, Cadmium, Bismuth, Gold, Silver, Platinum, Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium, Osmium, Iridium, Beryllium, Lithium, Rubidium, Caesium, Titanium, Zirconium, Hafnium, Vanadium, Niobium, Tantalum, Tungsten, Molybdenum, Gallium, Indium, Thallium, Germanium, Rhenium, Lanthanum, Cerium, Praseodymium, Neodymium, Samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, yttrium, thorium.

Non-ferrous metals in the narrow sense, also known as non-ferrous metals, are a collective term for all metals except iron, manganese, and chromium.

Non-ferrous metals in a broad sense also include non-ferrous alloys. Non-ferrous alloy is an alloy composed of a non-ferrous metal as a matrix (usually greater than 50%) and the addition of one or several other elements.

Non-ferrous metals generally refer to all metals except iron (and sometimes manganese and chromium) and iron-based alloys. Non-ferrous metals can be divided into heavy metals (such as copper, lead, zinc), light metals (such as aluminum, magnesium), *** (such as gold, silver, platinum) and rare metals (such as tungsten, molybdenum, germanium, lithium, lanthanum, uranium).

Foreign aluminum resources are mainly distributed in Guinea (Australia, which accounts for the world's total reserves, and Brazil (shares; Copper resources are mainly distributed in the United States (and Chile (oc; Lead resources are mainly distributed in the United States (accounting for Australia (accounting for and the Soviet Union (accounting for ; Zinc resources are mainly distributed in Canada (accounting for the United States (accounting for and Australia (accounting for; Tin resources are mainly distributed in Indonesia (Cham) and Thailand (Cham; Nickel resources are mainly distributed in New Caledonia (25) and Canada (16); Titanium resources are mainly distributed in Brazil (India) and Canada ().

The world's major producers of non-ferrous metals are the United States, the Soviet Union, Japan, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, Australia, France and the United Kingdom, with a total output of more than or close to 1 million tons. The distribution of non-ferrous metal resources in the world is very uneven. About 60 percent of the reserves are concentrated in some developing countries such as Asia, Africa and Latin America, 40 percent of the reserves are distributed in industrially developed countries, and 4 5 percent of these reserves are concentrated in the Soviet Union, the United States, Canada and Australia.

Non-ferrous metals include:Aluminum, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Copper, Lead, Zinc, Tin, Cobalt, Nickel, Antimony, Mercury, Cadmium, Bismuth, Gold, Silver, Platinum, Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium, Osmium, Iridium, Beryllium, Lithium, Rubidium, Caesium, Titanium, Zirconium, Hafnium, Vanadium, Niobium, Tantalum, Tungsten, Molybdenum, Gallium, Indium, Thallium, Germanium, Rhenium, Lanthanum, Cerium, Praseodymium, Neodymium, Samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, yttrium, thorium.

In 1958, China included iron, chromium, and manganese as ferrous metals; And 64 metals other than iron, chromium and manganese are included in the list of non-ferrous metals.

Specific surface area

The specific surface area of non-ferrous metals is also very important, the specific surface area detection data of non-ferrous metals is only true and reliable when the results are detected by the bet method.

The specific surface area test at home and abroad adopts the multi-point bet method, and the specific surface area determination standards formulated at home and abroad are based on the bet test method, please refer to the Chinese national standard (GB T 19587-2004) - the method of determining the specific surface area of solid substances by gas adsorption.

Non-ferrous metals include:Iron ore, manganese ore, chrome ore, titanium ore, vanadium ore, copper ore, lead ore, zinc ore, bauxite, magnesium ore, nickel ore, cobalt ore, tungsten ore, tin ore, bismuth ore, molybdenum ore, mercury ore, antimony ore, platinum group metals (platinum ore, palladium ore, iridium ore, rhodium ore, osmium ore, ruthenium ore), gold ore, silver ore, niobium ore, tantalum ore, beryllium ore, lithium ore, zirconium ore, rare earth elements (yttrium ore, gadolinium ore, terbium ore, dysprosium ore, cerium ore, lanthanum ore, praseodymium ore, neodymium ore, samarium ore, europium ore), germanium ore, gallium ore, indium ore, Thallium ore, hafnium ore, rhenium ore, cadmium ore, scandium ore, selenium ore, tellurium ore, etc.

Use. Copper, a non-ferrous metal, is one of the earliest metal materials used by humans. In modern times, non-ferrous metals and their alloys have become indispensable structural materials and functional materials in the fields of machinery manufacturing, construction, electronics, aerospace, and nuclear energy utilization.

Non-ferrous metals are the basic materials for the development of the national economy, and most industries such as aviation, aerospace, automobiles, machinery manufacturing, electric power, communications, construction, and household appliances are based on non-ferrous metal materials.

With the rapid development of modern chemical industry, agriculture and science and technology, non-ferrous metals have become more and more important in human development. It is not only an important strategic material and an important means of production in the world, but also an important material for the indispensable means of consumption in human life.

1. Non-ferrous light metals:Metals with less density and more abundant reserves include aluminum, magnesium, sodium, potassium, calcium, strontium, and barium. This metal is highly active, and its oxides and chlorides are quite stable and difficult to reduce.

2. Non-ferrous heavy metals:Metals with greater densities and abundant reserves include copper, nickel, lead, zinc, tin, antimony, cobalt, mercury, cadmium and bismuth.

3. Corrosion-resistant metalsIt includes gold, silver and platinum elements such as platinum, iridium, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, and osmium. Their characteristics are that they do not react easily to oxygen and other reagents, are less abundant in the earth's crust, and are more expensive than general metals.

4. Rare metals:Refers to metals that are found in very little in nature, are sparsely distributed, or are not easy to extract. Among them, it can be further divided into five types: rare light metals, rare high melting point metals, rare dispersed metals, rare earth metals and rare radioactive metals

1. Rare light metals: including titanium, beryllium, lithium, rubidium and cesium. This type of metal is more active, and its oxides and chlorides are quite stable and difficult to reduce.

2. Rare metals with high melting points: including tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, cobalt, hafnium, vanadium and rhenium. Its melting point is above 1700 and its hardness is large. Its carbides, nitrides, silicides or borides tend to also have the characteristics of high hardness and high melting points.

3. Rare dispersed metals: including gallium, indium, thallium and germanium. The distribution of this metal in the earth's crust is quite dispersed.

4. Rare earth metals: including lanthanides and scandium and yttrium, a total of 17 elements. These elements are not low in nature, but their distribution in the earth's crust is quite dispersed, and they tend to form alloys in pairs, and the chemical similarity between them makes it difficult to separate from each other.

Rare earth metals are chemically active and easily react with elements such as oxygen, sulfur, chlorine, and nitrogen.

5. Rare radioactive metals: natural radioactive elements, including polonium, radium, actinium, thorium, protactinium and uranium, mainly used in the atomic energy industry.

Apply. Non-ferrous metal products are characterized by many varieties, wide application fields and large relevance, which play an important role in economic and social development.

In particular, some non-ferrous metals have outstanding physical and chemical characteristics, and have become supporting materials to ensure the enhancement of national strength such as strategic development, high-tech, and major projects, which have very important strategic value and make the industry highly sensitive. At present, some rare metals are strategic reserve resources that are highly valued by the world's major powers.

Black. Non-ferrous metals: iron, chromium, manganese.

Non-ferrous metals: aluminum, magnesium, potassium, sodium, calcium, strontium, barium, copper, lead, zinc, tin, cobalt, nickel, antimony, mercury, cadmium, bismuth, gold, silver, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, beryllium, lithium, rubidium, cesium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, rhenium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, Europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, yttrium, thorium.

Common metals: such as iron, aluminum, copper, zinc, etc.

Rare metals: such as zirconium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, etc.

Light metals: density less than 4500kg m3, such as titanium, aluminum, magnesium, potassium, sodium, calcium, strontium, barium, etc.

Heavy metals: density greater than 4500kg m3, such as copper, nickel, cobalt, lead, zinc, tin, antimony, bismuth, cadmium, mercury, etc.

:** is more expensive than commonly used metals, has low crustal abundance (also known as clarke value, a value that indicates the average amount of chemical elements in the earth's crust), and is difficult to purify, such as gold, silver, and platinum group metals.

Metalloid elements: properties between metals and non-metals, such as silicon, selenium, tellurium, arsenic, boron, etc.

Rare metals: including rare light metals, such as lithium, rubidium, cesium, etc.; Rare refractory metals: such as zirconium, molybdenum, tungsten, etc.; Rare Dispersed Metals:

Such as gallium, indium, germanium, thallium, etc.; Rare earth metals: such as scandium, yttrium, lanthanide metals; Radioactive metals: such as radium, francium, polonium and uranium and thorium in actinides.

There are 64 kinds of non-ferrous metals, including: aluminum, magnesium, potassium, sodium, calcium, strontium, barium, copper, lead, zinc, tin, cobalt, nickel, antimony, mercury, cadmium, bismuth, gold, silver, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, beryllium, lithium, rubidium, cesium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, gallium, indium brigade, thallium, germanium, rhenium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, Neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, yttrium, silicon, boron, selenium, tellurium, arsenic, thorium.

In 1958, China included iron, chromium, and manganese as ferrous metals; And 64 metals other than iron, chromium and manganese are included in the list of non-ferrous metals. Non-ferrous metals refer to all metals except iron, chromium, and manganese. Non-ferrous metals, also known as non-ferrous metals in the narrow sense, are collectively referred to for all metals except iron, manganese, and chromium.

Non-ferrous metals in a broad sense also include non-ferrous alloys. Non-ferrous alloy is an alloy composed of a non-ferrous metal as the matrix, usually greater than 50%, with the addition of one or several other elements. Non-ferrous metals are indispensable basic materials and important strategic materials for the national economy, people's daily life, national defense industry, and the development of science and technology.