What are the characteristics of the planning of Yuan Dadu and the layout of Yuan Dadu?

In 1260, Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan dynasty, was located in Kaiping Mansion, which was later the eastern part of the Zhenglan Banner of Inner Mongolia. In 1264, Yuan Shizu edict to Yanjing as the central capital, the old site is the area east of the lotus pond in the southwest of Beijing, in 1272 he changed the capital to the Yuan capital, and from 1267 began to build the Yuan capital, which lasted 18 years, until 1285 was fully completed.

The overall layout of Yuan Dadu at that time was rectangular, the south wall was located on the south side of Chang'an Avenue in Beijing, and the north wall was located near the North Third Ring Road north of the later Desheng Gate and Anding Gate.

From the inside to the outside, the capital of Yuan is the palace city, the imperial city and the big city The circumference of the big city is 60 miles, and there are 11 gates. Three gates in the south: the middle is the main gate of Li, which is the later Zhengyang gate, the east is the civilization gate, and the west is the Shuncheng gate; To the east from south to north are Qihua Gate, Chongren Gate and Guangxi Gate; On the west side, from south to north, are Pingzemen, Heyimen, and Suqingmen; There are only two gates in the north, Anzhen Gate in the east and Desheng Gate in the west.

The south gate of the imperial city of the Yuan capital is called Lingxing Gate, which is in the area of the later noon gate. Between Lingxing Gate and Lizheng Gate, there was a "T" shaped semi-enclosed palace square, and later the palace square of the Ming and Qing dynasties basically followed its old site, and built Tiananmen Square in the middle. There are corner towers in the four corners of the city wall of Yuan Dadu, there are piers outside the city, the palace in the city is in front, the fang market is in the back, and 50 neighborhoods are dotted around.

The walls of the Forbidden City.

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The following is my question for your [summary of the success of the planning of the Yuan metropolis]: Hello, dear! "Dingcheng" first means planning a central axis running through the north and south.

Liu Bingzhong is very familiar with this planning technique, he combined the natural topography of Jishuitan and the lakes around Qionghua Island at that time, and chose to be close to the easternmost shore of Jishuitan at that time, and designed a central axis that runs through the north and south of the capital. At that time, the water area of Jishuitan was very large, and the easternmost position on the east bank, that is, the location where the central axis was determined, was the location where today's Houmen Bridge was located; On the west side of the bridge is a large pond with a large water surface at that time, which is the predecessor of today's Shichahai; Downstream was today's North Sea and Middle Sea. This central axis is the axis of symmetry of the palace complex and ceremonial buildings, as well as the axis of symmetry of the entire city outline and road network.

This paper summarizes the successes of the planning of the Yuan metropolis.

This paper summarizes the successes of the planning of the Yuan metropolis.

The following is my question for your [summary of the success of the planning of the Yuan metropolis]: Hello, dear! "Dingcheng" first means planning a central axis running through the north and south.

Liu Bingzhong is very familiar with this planning technique, he combined the natural topography of Jishuitan and the surrounding lakes around Qionghua Island at that time, and chose to be close to the easternmost shore of Jishuitan at that time, and designed a central axis that runs through the north and south of the capital. At that time, the water area of Jishuitan was very large, and the easternmost position on the east bank, that is, the location where the central axis was determined, was the location where today's Houmen Bridge was located; On the west side of the bridge is a large pond with a large water surface at that time, which is the predecessor of today's Shichahai; Downstream was today's North Sea and Middle Sea. This central axis is the axis of symmetry of the palace complex and ceremonial buildings, as well as the axis of symmetry of the entire city's contour and road network.

The Yuan capital city is a huge scale of urban construction projects and water conservancy construction projects in Chinese history, these two projects are interrelated and mutually influential, in the process of design, the designer makes the urban construction and water system construction form a whole, and well handles the relationship between "city" and "water". Liu Bingzhong took the natural water trapped hail body as a reference for the center, central axis and city wall position of the capital; The determination of the spatial structure of the metropolis in turn determines the location and role of water in the city. This characteristic of the planning of the Yuan capital can be summarized as "determining the city by water".

The layout of Beijing City is centered on the Imperial City. The plan of the imperial city is irregular square, located on the north-south axis of the whole city. As the core part of the imperial city, Miyagi is located in the center of the city, with tall gates on all sides, gorgeous corner towers built at the four corners of the city, and a moat on the periphery of the city.

There is a central axis with a total length of about kilometers running through the north and south of the whole city of Beijing, and the axis starts from the south gate of the outer city, Yongding Gate, and passes through the south gate of the inner cityExam Big|Yangmen, Tiananmen and Duanmen of the Imperial City and the Noon Gate of the Forbidden City, then pass through the three gates and seven halls, go out of the Shenwu Gate, cross the middle peak of Jingshan Mountain and Di'anmen and end at the bell tower and drum tower at the north end. On both sides of the axis, the Temple of Heaven, the Xiannong Altar, the Taimiao Temple and the Sheji Altar and other building complexes are arranged, the volume is magnificent, the colors are distinct, and the civic housing forms a strong contrast. From the perspective of urban planning and design, the authority and supremacy of the feudal emperor are emphasized, which reflects the class nature of the design intent.

The streets and alleys of the inner city follow the planning system of Yuan Dadu, and the main roads in the city are mainly the left and right streets parallel to the central axis of the city. Beijing's road system is neat and straight, forming a square grid, and the outline of the city is close to square. The roads in the city are divided into two categories: trunk roads and alleys, the alleys are east-west, and the distance between the two alleys is about 50 steps, and the residential base is divided on the lot between the two alleys.

This regular arrangement of streets and alleys, and the former Li Fang of the Tang Dynasty, form two completely different ways of dealing with residential areas.

The city of Beijing is relatively concentrated on the four sides of the imperial city, and forms four commercial centers: the area around the Drum Tower in the north of the city; The east and west of the city are each east and westThe test is big|The archway is the center; and the commercial area outside Zhengyangmen in the south of the city.

Its city site is located in the urban area of present-day Beijing, north to the ruins of the Tucheng of the Yuan Dynasty, south to Chang'an Street, and east to the second ring road. The layout of the streets of the capital city of Yuan has laid the basic pattern of today's Beijing.

Layout features: the plane of Yuan Dadu is short from east to west, long from north to south, the city wall is 60 miles long and 240 steps, open eleven gates, three gates on the south, east and west sides, two gates on the north side, and are attached to Nezha "three heads, six arms and two legs". **：

Yuan Dadu was the most magnificent and well-planned capital in the world in the century, "the city is so beautiful and so cleverly arranged, we can't describe it!" ”

In 1206, the Mongol leader Temujin ascended the throne on the banks of the Nan River, called Genghis Khan, and founded the Mongol Empire. In the first year of Zhongtong (1260), Kublai Khan was located in Kaiping Mansion (now the east of Zhenglanqi, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region); In the fourth year of Zhongtong, Kaiping was the upper capital, and in the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (1264), Kublai Khan made Yanjing the central capital (as the accompanying capital). In November of the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1271), the country was named "Yuan".

At the beginning of the second year, the capital was changed to Dadu, and the capital was moved from the capital to Dadu. Since then, this (i.e., Beijing) has become the center of a unified power.

Although the Yuan Dynasty was ruled by the Mongols, it also worked hard to sinicize, so the planning ideas of the Yuan Dadu imitated the practice in the "Zhou Lidong Official Examination Record", "the left ancestor and the right society, facing the future market". The city is divided into three sets: the outer city, the imperial city, and the palace city.

The outer city is 6,635 meters wide from east to west, 7,400 meters long from north to south, and there are eleven city gates in total. The streets in the city are clearly divided in longitude and latitude, and the layout is very regular, which is the practice of learning Han civilization. However, the Mongols inevitably have their own customs and lifestyles, so the form of the capital is different from that of the Han after all.

The Mongols are nomadic people, who have been trained to ride and shoot since childhood, whether they are folk or royal. Therefore, in the north of the capital city of the Yuan Dynasty, there is still a place that imitates the shape of the northern grassland, which is used by the emperor and the royal children to practice riding and archery.

The construction of the Yuan capital also set a precedent for inviting foreign experts to jointly plan urban planning and construction. At that time, there was a Han Liu Bingzhong as the chief manager of the project. A large number of craftsmen were transferred to Beijing from other places.

The general husband service was levied from the nearest area, and the Yuan Dadu guards were transferred to participate in the construction project. In addition, Nepalese Anigo and Arab craftsman Yehatier were also invited to participate in the planning and construction.