How much is the 10 megabit fiber of the Hongling Twisted Load

Two companies in the world have developed this technology, British Telecom (BT) and Sumitomo Japan.

At present, most of the manufacturers seen in the market are developing this technology to the long-distance fiber optic cable market, and their products are called blown fiber optic cables. There are also individual manufacturers based on this technology, to develop in the direction of the building integrated wiring market, called blowing optical fiber.

The basic concept of fiber blowing technology is to lay an empty plastic pipe first, and then blow the fiber through a special equipment through an air compressor, of course, you can also blow out the original fiber and re-blow it into a new or more core fiber.

Blowing optical fiber entered China in 1997 and was applied in more than 10 projects in China from 1997 to 2001, such as Shanghai ** Stock Exchange, Xinhua News Agency, People's ** Press, etc. In these projects, all of them were laid empty pipes, but in the later practical use, the blown fiber system was all abandoned.

Several inherent disadvantages of blowing fiber are:

1.The blown fiber pipe is empty at the time of installation, so it is easy to be squeezed and deformed or damaged in the pipeline and trunking, or deformed at the bend, and the deformed or damaged pipe cannot blow through the optical fiber, and it is very complicated and cumbersome to find the fault point and troubleshoot, and even many empty pipes are abandoned because they cannot be repaired, which is very wasteful.

2.During the construction of the project, due to temperature changes or large humidity and other reasons, it is easy to cause water accumulation in some areas in the pipe, and the optical fiber cannot blow through the empty pipe after the water is generated, and it is very difficult to solve.

3.When blowing optical fiber installation, the equipment weighs more than 30 kilograms, and it also needs a large air compressor to cooperate, which is difficult to engineer.

4.After the use of blown optical fiber, because the equipment manufacturer is the only one, the construction and post-maintenance must completely rely on the first supplier and the original manufacturer, which is risky.

5.In China, finished optical cables are very cheap, and the use of blown optical fibers is much higher than the use of ordinary optical cables. In the United Kingdom, blowing optical fiber is also mainly used in the computer room and other easy-to-construct environments, due to the high cost of labor abroad, the use of blowing optical fiber can save a lot of labor costs, but in China is different, because the labor is cheap, in time in the future, the cost of re-laying optical cables is also very cheap.

It can be seen from this that blowing optical fiber is only a tool used by individual manufacturers to promote and occupy the market, and it is not really suitable for the Chinese market, which is also the fundamental reason why blowing optical fiber disappeared quickly after a short boom in China.

The transmission frequency bandwidth and high rate are high.

The transmission loss is low and the transmission distance is long.

Good resistance to lightning and electromagnetic interference.

Good confidentiality, not easy to be eavesdropped or intercepted data.

The transmission has a low bit error rate and high reliability.

Small size and light weight.

The disadvantage of optical fiber is that it is difficult to connect, and the optical interface is relatively expensive.

Optical fiber is an abbreviation for optical fiber, which is a fiber made of glass or plastic that acts as a light conduction tool.

The tiny fiber is encapsulated in a plastic sheath, allowing it to bend without breaking. Typically, a transmitter at one end of the fiber uses a light emitting diode (LED) or a laser beam to deliver light pulses to the fiber, and a receiver at the other end of the fiber uses a photosensitive element to detect the pulses.

Fiber optic network speed can reach 100 million megabits, why do we only use a few megabits? I know it today.

What is a fiber optic communication system (Sidian Laochen)?

1 Definition of Fiber Optic Cable.

The center of the optical fiber is usually a core made of glass, and the core is surrounded by a glass envelope with a lower refractive index than the core, so that the optical signal entering the core is reflected through the cladding interface, so that the optical signal propagates in the core. Because the fiber itself is very fragile and cannot be directly applied to the cabling system, it is usually tied into bundles, with a protective shell on the outside and a tensile wire in the middle, which is called a fiber optic cable, which usually contains one or more optical fibers.

2 Classification of optical cables.

According to the different use environment, optical cables can be divided into indoor optical cables and outdoor optical cables.

3 Characteristics of fiber optic cables.

Indoor optical cable is a cable formed by optical fiber (optical transmission carrier) through a certain process. It is mainly composed of optical fibers (glass filaments as thin as hair) and plastic protective sleeves and plastic skins, and there are no metals such as gold, silver, copper and aluminum in the optical cable, and generally have no value.

Outdoor optical cable is a kind of communication line that realizes optical signal transmission. A certain number of optical fibers form a cable core in a certain way, and the outer sheath is covered, and some are also covered with an outer sheath.

4 Characteristics of each type of optical cable.

Characteristics of indoor optical cable: The tensile strength of indoor optical cable is small, and the protective layer is poor, but it is relatively lighter and more economical. Indoor fiber optic cables are mainly suitable for horizontal wiring subsystems and vertical backbone subsystems.

For example, outdoor optical cables (as shown in Figure 2-29) have large tensile strength, thick protective layer, and are usually armored (i.e., wrapped in metal skin). Outdoor optical cables are mostly used in building subsystems, and can be used for outdoor direct burial, pipelines, overhead and underwater laying.

Characteristics of outdoor optical cable: It is mainly composed of optical fibers (glass filaments as thin as hair) and plastic protective sleeves and plastic sheaths, and there are no metals such as gold, silver, copper and aluminum in the optical cable, and generally have no value. Outdoor fiber optic cables have higher tensile strength, a thicker protective layer, and are usually armored (i.e., wrapped in metal skin).

Outdoor fiber optic cables are mainly used for interconnection between buildings and remote networks.

5 Commonly used brands: YOFC, CommScope, Keran, Schneider, Panduit, etc.

1. Optical splitter: An optical splitter that divides the traffic of a link into several parts.

2. Optical cable: a cable structure entity made of multiple optical fibers or optical fiber bundles and outer sheaths, which meets the requirements of optical characteristics, mechanical characteristics and environmental performance indicators.

3. Optical fiber: Optical fiber is the abbreviation of optical fiber, which is a light conduction tool that uses the principle of total reflection of light in fibers made of glass or plastic.

4. Optical crossing: The optical cable transfer box is a kind of handover equipment that provides optical cable termination and jumper for the main layer optical cable and the distribution layer optical cable.

Optical splitter: Optical splitter, also known as optical splitter, is one of the important passive components in the optical fiber link, which is an optical fiber junction device with multiple inputs and multiple outputs. According to the principle of splitting, optical splitters can be divided into two types: melt taper type and plane waveguide type (PLC type). According to the principle of splitting, the optical splitter can be divided into two types: melt taper type and plane waveguide type, the fused taper method is to remove two (or more) optical fibers with the coating layer in a certain way, melt under high temperature heating, and stretch to both sides at the same time, and finally form a special waveguide structure in the form of a double cone in the heating zone, and different splitting ratios can be obtained by controlling the angle of torsion and the length of the stretch of the optical fiber.

Finally, the taper area is solidified on the quartz substrate with curing glue and inserted into the stainless copper tube, which is the optical splitter. Due to the inconsistency between the thermal expansion coefficient of cured glue and quartz substrate and stainless steel tube, the degree of thermal expansion and contraction is inconsistent when the ambient temperature changes, which can easily lead to damage to the optical splitter, especially when the optical shunt is placed in the field, which is also the main reason why the optical shunt is easily damaged. For the production of more splitters, it is possible to make up multiple splitters.

You pay attention to check the optical fiber connector, there is a buckle, when disconnected, press and hold the buckle and then pull out, on the fiber connector, there will be a logo, you pay attention to the raised characters on it.

Fiber optics themselves are gigabit indiscriminate.

The gigabit fiber we call in our life is actually the optical film block (that is, the optical fiber port).

First of all, single-mode optical cable is not divided into gigabit or 10 gigabit, single-mode wiring is gigabit rate or 10 gigabit mainly depends on the equipment it uses, under normal circumstances, single-mode optical cable through the support of equipment, working at 1550 m wavelength optical single-mode optical cable can support 10 gigabit (10Gbps) at least 60 kilometers.

Multimode fiber optic cables. According to the different transmission rates, it is divided into OM1, OM2, OM3, and OM4. The core diameter of OM1 is 50 m from OM2 to OM4.

The OM1 fiber optic cable supports gigabit distances of 300 and 550 meters at 850 m wavelength and 1300 m wavelength, respectively. It is also possible to support 10 megabits at a distance of 100 meters.

There are two types of multi-mode: 50 125 (50 is the inner diameter, 125 is the outer diameter) and the inner diameter, 125 is the outer diameter).

50 125 is the so-called multi-mode 10 Gigabit fiber, which is the European standard;

is the so-called multi-mode gigabit fiber, which is the American standard.

10 Gigabit multimode fiber is longer than Gigabit multimode fiber with the same bandwidth transmission distance; The same distance supports a large bandwidth.

Fiber optics only have single-mode and multi-mode, and the rate is only related to your access equipment.

1. According to the material classification of optical fibers, optical fibers can be divided into quartz optical fibers and all-plastic optical fibers.

Quartz optical fiber generally refers to an optical fiber composed of a doped quartz core and a doped quartz cladding. These fibers have very low losses and moderate dispersion. At present, the vast majority of optical fibers for communication are quartz optical fibers;

All-plastic optical fiber is a new type of optical fiber for communication, which has the characteristics of large loss, thick core (diameter 100 600 m), large numerical aperture (Na) and low manufacturing cost. All-plastic fibers are suitable for shorter length applications, such as in-house computer networking and in-ship communications.

2. According to the classification of the refractive index distribution of the optical fiber profile, the optical fiber can be divided into step optical fiber and gradual optical fiber.

3. According to the number of modes of optical fiber transmission, optical fibers can be divided into multi-mode optical fibers and single-mode optical fibers.

Single-mode fiber is an optical fiber that can transmit only one mode. Single-mode fiber can only transmit the fundamental mode (the lowest order mode), there is no delay difference between the modes, and it has a much larger bandwidth than multimode fiber. Single-mode fibers have a mode field diameter of only a few micrometers (m) and their bandwidth is typically one or two orders of magnitude higher than that of gradient multimode fibers.

Therefore, it is suitable for high-capacity, long-distance communication.

4. According to the classification stipulated in the international standard (according to the ITU-T recommendation), the types of optical fibers can be divided into optical fibers (50 125 m multimode graded refractive index fibers), optical fibers (non-dispersion shift fibers), optical fibers (dispersion shift optical fibers DSF), optical fibers (cut-off wavelength displacement optical fibers), optical fibers (non-zero dispersion displacement optical fibers).

5. According to the classification of IEC standards, IEC standards divide the types of optical fibers into Class A multi-mode optical fibers and Class B single-mode optical fibers.

Class A multimode fibers include A1A multimode fibers (50 125 m type multimode fibers), A1B multimode fibers (type multimode fibers), and A1D multimode fibers (100 140 m type multimode fibers).

Class B single-mode fibers include fibers corresponding to G652 fibers, G654 fibers, B2 fibers corresponding to fibers, and B4 fibers corresponding to fibers.

Fiber Type: Long Wavelength Multimode Fiber (ITU-T Gradient Multimode Fiber Industry Standard. Established in the late 70's to early 80's. Optical fiber is the earliest practical single-mode optical fiber, and 95% of the existing routes are equipped with this kind of optical fiber, so it is called conventional single-mode optical fiber.

The cut-off wavelength is the shortest, which can be used for both 1550nm and 1310nm. **The lowest, the most mature process The main disadvantage is that the dispersion coefficient of the 1550 band is large, which is not suitable for the above long-distance applications. G652 single-mode fiber is the world's largest fiber (about 70% of the fiber used) fiber, known as "conventional single-mode fiber".

It has both 1550nm and 1310nm windows. The zero dispersion point is located near the 1310nm window, while the minimum attenuation is located at the 1550nm window. It is characterized by zero dispersion at wavelengths around 1310 nm at the time of design and manufacturing, with minimal loss at 1550 nm wavelengths but maximum dispersion.

The typical loss values of G652 single-mode fiber in the above two windows are: attenuation at the 1310nm window and dispersion coefficient at 0. The attenuation of the 1550nm window is attenuated in the dispersion coefficient of 15 18ps Single-mode fibers can be used in the 1310nm and 1550nm wavelength regions, and the use wavelength range is also extended to 1360nm to 1530nm.

Main uses: G652 single-mode fiber has the advantages of low internal loss, large bandwidth, easy upgrade and low cost. G652 single-mode fiber can be widely used in high-speed, long-distance transmission, such as long-distance communications, trunk lines, cable TV and loop feeder networks.

G652 single-mode optical fiber is suitable for all kinds of optical cable structures, including optical fiber ribbon optical cable, loose sleeve stranded optical cable, skeleton optical cable, central bundle tube optical cable and tight sleeve optical cable. Optical fiber has the lowest attenuation coefficient at 1550nm (about 15% lower than that of optical fiber), so it is called low attenuation fiber, and the dispersion coefficient is the same, and the actual optical fiber is the least used. Seek adoption.

Types of Optical Fibers:

a.According to the transmission mode of light in optical fiber, it can be divided into: single-mode optical fiber and multi-mode optical fiber.

Multimode fiber: the center glass core is thicker (50 or, can transmit multiple modes of light. However, the intermodal dispersion is large, which limits the frequency at which the digital signal can be transmitted, and it becomes more severe with distance.

For example, a 600 km fiber will only have 300 MB of bandwidth at 2 km. Therefore, the distance of multimode fiber transmission is relatively close, generally only a few kilometers.

Single-mode fiber: The center glass core is thin (generally 9 or 10 m in diameter) and can only transmit one mode of light. Therefore, its inter-mode dispersion is very small, which is suitable for long-distance communication, but its chromatic dispersion plays a major role, so that the single-mode fiber has higher requirements for the spectral width and stability of the light source, that is, the spectral width should be narrow and the stability should be good.

Single-mode fiber: Generally, optical fiber jumpers are represented in yellow, and the connector and protective sleeve are blue. The transmission distance is long. Multi-mode fiber:

Generally, optical fiber jumpers are represented by orange, some are represented by gray, and the joints and protective sleeves are beige or black; The transmission distance is shorter.

b.According to the optimal transmission frequency window, it is divided into conventional single-mode fiber and dispersion-shifted single-mode fiber.

Conventional type: Optical fiber manufacturers optimize the optical fiber transmission frequency to a single wavelength of light, such as 1300nm.

Dispersion Shift Type: The fiber production family optimizes the optical fiber transmission frequency on two wavelengths of light, such as 1300nm and 1550nm.

c.According to the refractive index distribution: mutated and gradual fibers.

Mutation: The refractive index from the center core of the fiber to the glass cladding is abrupt. Its cost is low and the inter-mold dispersion is high. It is suitable for short-distance and low-speed communication, such as industrial control. However, single-mode fibers are mutated due to the small inter-mode dispersion.

Gradient optical fiber: the refractive index of the optical fiber center core to the glass cladding is gradually smaller, which can make the high-mode light propagate in sinusoidal form, which can reduce the inter-mode dispersion, improve the optical fiber bandwidth, and increase the transmission distance, but the cost is higher.