600 word essay on the topic of refutation .

Rebuttal**: Direct refutation ( rebuttal of arguments; rebuttal arguments; refutation of arguments); Indirect refutation (positive arguments).

There is one word, which seems ethereal, and it is something that no independent person identifies with - hope. Hope, but also praise? Also depreciating?

In today's deceitful society, the words of encouragement "give yourself hope" are as discredited as false advertising on television. But as you know, this untrustworthy "lie" is what we should pursue.

Among the countless great men, Putin, who has the title of "man like an eagle". His success is based on the word hope. At the beginning of Putin's first election campaign, his vote rate was not high, but he was good at taking advantage of the Russian people's expectation of "reinvigorating Russia's status as a great power and restoring national pride".

Among the countless well-known works, the success of "Strange Tales" undoubtedly stems from the author Pu Songling's grasp of the "hope" of the working people. Pu Songling, who aspired to be a writer since childhood, collected and sorted out the yearning of the majority of workers for a better life and love, and created the "Strange Tales of Liaozhai" that has been around for centuries.

Among the vast seas of countries, China's re-emergence also depends on the expectations of the Chinese sons and daughters for the future of the motherland. China, which has suffered from internal and external troubles, has regained its strength and stood proudly among the nations of the world under the firm determination of its heroic sons and daughters to build the motherland and their yearning for a better future for ......the motherland

These real things made me see the power of hope. In this way, I would like to give myself a hope. In the process of struggle and perseverance, we will succeed with hope. Try to make the phrase "give yourself hope" restore its original integrity.

Rebuttal is the expression of arguments on certain events and issues, exposing and refuting erroneous and reactionary opinions or propositions.

There are three forms of refutation of false, reactionary arguments:

Directly refute the arguments of the other side. First cite the absurd arguments of the other side, and then directly refute them with correct reasoning and conclusive facts, revealing the contradiction between lies and facts, fallacies and truths. In some articles, the argument that opposes the opponent's argument is first proved to be correct, and thus proves that the opponent's argument is wrong.

Refute the opponent's arguments by refuting them. An argument is the basis of an argument and is the proof of an argument. Erroneous and reactionary arguments are often based on false arguments, and when the arguments are refuted, the arguments become untenable.

Refute the opponent's argument by refuting the fallacy of the opponent's argumentation process (refutating their argument). By refuting the key issues in its argument, it also refutes the fallacy.

There are three types of refutation: refutation of arguments, rebuttal of arguments, and rebuttal arguments. The rebuttal argument is a higher level than the first two.

Although there are two ways of argumentation, argumentation and refutation, the two are not completely separate. Refutation and establishment are the unity of dialectic. In an argumentative article, it is sometimes necessary to refute erroneous arguments; In a rebuttal essay, it is generally necessary to refute the wrong arguments while stating the correct viewpoint.

Therefore, arguments and arguments are often used in conjunction with arguments.

The difference between direct and indirect refutation.

If it starts directly from the argument, it can be regarded as a direct refutation.

If the argument is refuted through various arguments, it is considered an indirect refutation.

If the center is argued through arguments and arguments from beginning to end, it is a typical refutation, such as Mr. Lu Xun's "Theory of Surprise of Friends" is a typical refutation.

4. Pay attention to the main points.

Aim at the target. To write a rebuttal article, we must first put forward the other party's fallacies or reactionary viewpoints and set up a target. How do you set up a target?

There are usually two ways. One is overview. That is, to use general language, to repeat the rebuttal of the hostile arguments that have been refuted.

And it is also necessary to emphasize the disadvantages of the enemy theory. When summarizing, some original words and phrases can be quoted appropriately, but they should be focused and the tendencies should be clear. The second is excerpts.

That is, the key part or relevant part of the negative material is extracted, and then aimed at the target to refute it. You can cite some typical examples, as well as classical quotes. Prove your point more powerfully.

Get to the point. Lu Xun said: "Facing the key point of 'discussing the enemy', he only gave fatal serious injuries with one blow. "We must grasp the reactionary nature of fallacies and expose and criticize them in depth.

Pay attention to proportion. A distinction must be made between the enemy's counter-revolutionary fallacy and the erroneous ideas that exist among the people. To the enemy, it is necessary to ruthlessly expose it, criticize it bitterly, and deal a fatal blow; With regard to erroneous thinking among the people, we must follow the principle of "unity, criticism, and unity" and absolutely cannot be compared with each other.