Why couldn t Emperor Wen of Han and Emperor Xuan of Han be buried in the ancestral mausoleum after t

The Western Han Dynasty was the first heyday of China's feudal era, and this is how the title of "Han nation" came from. During the Western Han Dynasty, various rules and regulations of the feudal era were formed, consolidated and perfected, including the funeral system.

In 200 B.C., Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, finally chose Xianyang, west of Chang'an, as the royal mausoleum, and then his descendants were buried here.

Every emperor of the Western Han Dynasty spent a lot of money and financial resources to build his own mausoleum when he built the Chang'an Palace. There were a total of 11 emperors in the Western Han Dynasty, and all of them began to build the cemetery a year later, and the cost of financial funds reached one-third of the national tax revenue.

The royal mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty has buried a total of nine emperors of the Western Han Dynasty, and the order of distribution from east to west is Yangling, the Changling of Liu Bang, the Anling, the Yiling, the Weiling, the Kangling, the Yanling, the Pingling of the Zhao Emperor of the Han Dynasty, and the Maoling.

However, there were two emperors in the Western Han Dynasty, the tombs of Emperor Wen of Han and Emperor Xuan of Han, that is, Baling and Duling were not among the ancestral tombs.

Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty Liu Heng was the fourth son of Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, and the half-brother of Emperor Liu Ying of the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty was relatively diligent in his life, and after he came to power, he created a famous prosperous era in history, that is, the rule of Wenjing. The emperor who made such a feat was not buried in the ancestral grave of his father Liu Bang, nor did he receive the mourning he deserved, which is really puzzling.

All of this has to start with the life experience of Emperor Wen of Han. After Liu Xiang, the king of Qi, united with Chen Ping and Zhou Bo to destroy the power of the Lu group, Liu Heng, the weak and cautious acting king, succeeded to the throne. When Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty Liu Heng inherited the throne, he did not build the imperial tomb on the Xianyang Plain, but chose the imperial tomb in Bailuyuan on the bank of the Bahe River, which was influenced by the "Zhaomu system" of the Han Dynasty's funeral system.

Specifically, when the dynasty is buried, it should follow the order of the father's left as Zhao and the son's right as Mu's ranking.

At that time, Emperor Hui of the Han Dynasty Liu Ying's tomb was selected on the right side of Liu Bang, Liu Ying had already occupied the Mu position, if Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty chose his tomb on the right side it would not be in line with the etiquette law, so he chose his tomb under the mouth of the phoenix in Bailuyuan.

Emperor Liu Xun of the Han Dynasty was the tenth emperor of the Western Han Dynasty and a famous virtuous monarch in history. However, after the death of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty, he was not buried in the ancestral mausoleum of Xianyang. Some people think that because Liu Xun is the grandson of the crown prince Liu Ju in the "Witch Gu Disaster" in the later years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he may hate Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and naturally he is not willing to be buried in the ancestral tomb.

But expert research, it is not so simple, Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty still follows the funeral system of the Han Dynasty. Emperor Xuan of Han was in a similar situation to Emperor Wen of Han, but not identically. Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty Liu Xun was the cousin of Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty Liu Fuling, and according to the etiquette, he should be buried in Zhao.

Emperor Xuan of Han's succession to the throne was a kind of succession from one generation to another, and there was a conflict with Emperor Zhao of Han in the same throne, so Emperor Xuan of Han could not be buried in the ancestral mausoleum.

Ancient people paid attention to the feng shui pattern, and the reason why the two emperors did not enter the ancestral tomb was also because of the geographical location, the feng shui pattern made it impossible to enter after death, and the reason was that the internal pattern made it have no place to stay.

Because these two emperors were foreign kings, Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty followed the example of Emperor Wen of Han and did not enter the ancestral tomb; Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty was full of hatred for Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and was unwilling to be buried in the ancestral tomb.

This is because due to the "Zhaomu system" of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wen of Han and Emperor Xuan of Han could not be buried in the ancestral tomb after their deaths.

The mausoleum of Emperor Wen of Han is the tomb of Ba

In 2021, archaeologists discovered a large Han tomb in Jiangcun, Baqiao District, in the eastern suburbs of Xi'an.

Archaeological discoveries have confirmed that the phoenix mouth is a tomb that was falsely rumored in later generations. The Jiangcun Tomb is similar to the Western Han Dynasty Emperor's Mausoleum, such as the Han Gaozu Changling Tomb and the Han Jing Emperor's Yang Mausoleum, with similar plane layout, the overall scale, and there is an obvious development and evolution trajectory.

Location of Baling

Baling is 57 kilometers southeast of the site of the front hall of Weiyang Palace in Chang'an City of Han Dynasty, and is one of the two Western Han Emperor Tombs in the southeast of Chang'an City in the Western Han Dynasty (the other is the Du Tomb of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty Liu Xun, and the other nine Western Han Emperor Tombs are all on the Xianyang Plain north of the Wei River). As for why the Baling was chosen here, it is speculated to be related to the "Zhaomu system" that was still followed in the early Han Dynasty.

However, judging from the "Historical Records", Baling chose to build on the mountain, and anti-theft was considered as a very important factor. Baling is the first imperial mausoleum in Chinese history to dig a cave in the mountain as the Xuangong, which had a great influence on the establishment of the Six Dynasties and the Tang Dynasty.

The reason why Emperor Wen of Han and Emperor Xuan of Han were not neatly arranged in the northwest of Xi'an like other emperors had a lot to do with the recruitment system at that time.

The Zhaomu system is a ritual method inherited from the temple system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which is actually the order of the ancient temples. According to the provisions of the system, the ancestor is in the center of the temple, and the following descendants are arranged on the left and right sides, with Zhao on the left and Mu on the right, and so on. Liu Bang, the first emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, chose his mausoleum on the Xianyang Plain, northwest of Chang'an City.

Liu Ying, Emperor Hui of the Han Dynasty, could only choose the site on the left side (southwest direction) of Changling according to the Zhaomu system. When it came to Liu Qi, the grandson of Liu Bang, Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty, his Yangling was selected on the right side (northeast) of Changling.

The descendants of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty should continue to build on the east and west sides of Yangling according to the Zhaomu system, but because Yangling had already built the five temples of Weiyang during the time of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, it was against etiquette to build the mausoleum in the east of Yangling. Therefore, the imperial mausoleum after Emperor Jing could not be extended to the east, and could only find a location in the west.

When it came to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, because his mother Queen Mother's hometown was in Huaili in the west of Chang'an, he chose his mausoleum in the westernmost Huaili Mao Township, which is Maoling. The emperor's mausoleum after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was distributed in an orderly manner on the east side of Maoling in accordance with the provisions of the Zhaomu system. This is the reason why these nine Western Han Dynasty imperial tombs are neatly arranged in the northwest of Xi'an City.

Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, Liu Qi, was conscripted into Beijing to succeed to the throne after the rebellion of Empress Lü. Although he was the third emperor of the Han Dynasty, he was not Liu Bang's grandson, but Liu Bang's son.

In other words, the relationship between him and Emperor Liu Ying of the Han Hui Dynasty was not father and son, but brother. Because of this, when Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty chose the location of his mausoleum, he could not be arranged on both sides of the tomb of Emperor Hui of the Han Dynasty, nor could he choose the east side of the Changling Tomb of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, but chose another location.

In order to save people's financial resources, Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty chose his mausoleum on the Bailu Plain on the bank of the Bahe River in the southeast of Chang'an. Because this is a towering mountain plain, the tomb of Baling is a tomb because of the mountain, and the tomb is not restored, and it is truly not sealed or treeed.

Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty, Liu Xun, was the descendant of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and he ascended the throne directly from the commoners. is not a direct descendant of the previous emperor, so according to the provisions of the Zhaomu system, he cannot choose the location of the mausoleum next to the Pingling Tomb of Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty, and can only choose another location.

When Emperor Xuan was young, he liked to swim in the southeast of Chang'an City on a highland called Du Dongyuan, after he was the emperor, he chose the cemetery here, built the cemetery, this is the origin of Du Ling. In addition, Emperor Xuan's grandmother and parents were because of"Witchcraft"The disaster was killed, buried in the southeast of Chang'an City, Emperor Xuan chose the mausoleum in the southeast of Du Ling, also wanted to be close to the parents' land.

Therefore, the two emperors were not actually expelled from their ancestral tombs as people understand, on the contrary, they did so to protect the feudal etiquette.

Liu Xun is a famous virtuous monarch in Chinese history, during his reign, the country's political clarity, social harmony, economic prosperity, four Yi Binfu, known as "the rule of filial piety", also known as "filial piety Xuanzhongxing", historians said that the former Han national strength was the strongest under its rule.

In the Western Han Dynasty, which is known for formulating the temple number and strict name, Liu Xun is one of the four emperors with the official temple name, in December of the first year of the Yellow Dragon (49 years ago), Liu Xun died in Weiyang Palace due to illness, and was buried in Du Ling, and the temple number is Zhongzong.

After the death of the emperor, he had his own imperial mausoleum, and the ancestral mausoleum should be the ancestor of the founding emperor who did not become the emperor, such as the Fengyang Imperial Mausoleum in the Ming Dynasty.

The cemeteries of the emperors of the Western Han Dynasty are the Mausoleum of Emperor Liu Hengba of the Han Dynasty, the Mausoleum of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty Liu Xundu, the Mausoleum of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty Liu Chemao, the Mausoleum of Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty Liu Fuling Ping, the Mausoleum of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty Liu Biaoyan, the Mausoleum of Emperor Liu Xiankang of the Han Ping Emperor, the Mausoleum of Emperor Liu Xianwei of the Han Yuan Dynasty, the Mausoleum of Emperor Liu Xinyi of the Han Dynasty, the Mausoleum of Emperor Hui of the Han Dynasty Liu Ying'an, the Mausoleum of Emperor Liu Bangchang of the Han Gao Emperor, and the Mausoleum of Emperor Liu Qiyang of the Han Jing Emperor.

The Western Han Dynasty was the first heyday of China's feudal empire era, and the perfection, establishment and consolidation of various rules and regulations of feudal society were basically completed in the Western Han Dynasty. The feudal society attaches great importance to the system of etiquette and regulations, and the funeral system is an important part of the system of etiquette and regulations. The mausoleum of the emperor of the Western Han Dynasty reflects the highest funeral rites of the society at that time, and the funeral of the Han Dynasty was "as dead as life", and the imperial tomb can also be said to be the epitome of the social and historical activities of the feudal ruling class of the Western Han Dynasty.

In this world, whether you are a prince and noble, a hero or a common man, in the end you will inevitably die, you are the emperor, but also for yourself to find a perfect place after death, build a huge mausoleum, but no matter how beautiful the mausoleum is built, how many institutions, in the end did not block the invasion of tomb robbers, so Emperor Wen of Han made the opposite decision in the matter of building the mausoleum, his mausoleum is made of pottery, and does not use gold and silver as burial goods, which opened a precedent for thin burial in history.

In fact, many people have different opinions on whether the mausoleum of Emperor Wen of Han is really a thin burial, mainly because there are several famous tomb robbery records in the middle, and there is an excavation of the mausoleum of Emperor Wen of Han in the middle, and it seems that there is a lot of harvest, which is different from the thin burial of Emperor Wen of Han.

I think there are two possibilities: one is that his thin burial should be less than the funeral goods of the previous emperors, rather than real gold, silver, copper and other utensils that do not put anything. There is also a possibility that Empress Dou died after Emperor Wen of Han, she and Emperor Wen of Han were buried in the tomb, and her mausoleum put a lot of burial goods, and the tomb robbers stole the treasures that Queen Dou was buried at that time, and Emperor Wen of Han was really a thin burial.

I think Emperor Wen of Han was a virtuous emperor, during his reign he also dressed plainly, and forbade tribute of rare treasures, he was diligent and thrifty all his life, politically clear, opposed to luxury and waste, I think Emperor Wen of Han chose to praise him on the spiritual level in his life, rather than to pay tribute to him materially.

Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty is very frugal in the tomb, according to records, there is no gold, silver and jewelry in the tomb of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, there is no money, only some pottery piled up with tiles for burial.

According to the "Historical Records of Filial Piety Text": "The tombs of the rulers are all made of pottery, and they are not decorated with gold, silver, copper and tin. "Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty showed simplicity and was the first in the world.

In the "Hanshu Emperor Wen Ji", there is also this record of "because of its mountain, there is no grave", which shows that Baling did not seal the soil, and opened a precedent for thin burial in the burial system.

There are very few records about the internal structure of the Baling, and it can only be guessed according to the information obtained, the interior of the Baling is made of stone, and the cave is the burial chamber, the material is simple, and the layout is also simple.

Baling is the mausoleum of Emperor Liu Heng of the Han Dynasty, his mausoleum is very simple, there is no gold, silver jewelry, and there are no large number of funerary goods, and the mausoleum is also very simple.

Historically, the tomb is a landmark building of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty advocating thin burial, although it is an imperial tomb, it is quite simple, and there are few funeral goods.

Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty's tomb is a typical representative of thin burial, and there are no strange treasures in his tomb, only some earthenware that is usually used as burial goods.

Baling is the mausoleum of Emperor Liu Heng of the Han Dynasty, where Liu Heng was buried after his death, located in present-day Xi'an, near the land of Bailuyuan.

Baling is the mausoleum of Emperor Liu Heng of the Han Dynasty, on the White Deer Plain. There are no lavish mausoleums. Very simple and unobtrusive.

It is a precedent for thin burials in history, there is no gold and silver jewelry in the tomb, there is no thick burial, and the pottery is selected as the burial goods.