Some questions about living things... I hope the master can answer in detail

1. The function of memory T cells and effector T cells is different, which is determined by protein, and RNA is related to protein expression.

2HIV mainly attacks the body's T cells and causes immunodeficiency diseases.

3. After the virus invades the body, T cells proliferate and differentiate.

4. Viral clearance can be phagocytic cells.

Explanation: 1. There are differences in mRNA in different cells, (selective expression of genes, transcription of different MRAs, translation into different proteins, so that different cells show different traits) This is also the reason for the formation of different cells.

2. HIV mainly attacks the body's T cells and causes immunodeficiency diseases.

3.After the virus invades the body, it often invades human cells, and T cells form effector T cells in order to proliferate and differentiate to attack the invaded sheath cells, so the cell cycle should be shortened.

4. It is the antibodies and phagocytes that ultimately remove the virus.

1) DNA ligase 126

2) Fast reproduction, relatively little genetic material, simple structure.

Ensure that the gene of interest is directionally linked to the vector.

Marker genes. 3) During the synthesis of a single strand, a single strand is added to the deletion and replacement of the base.

4) Protein engineering.

1) A solution in the first test tube is (ATP) solution, which means that fluorescence can be converted into (ATP).

2) Fluorescein luminescence is due to the (hydrolysis) reaction of a substance in a solution, which is expressed as (ATP ADP + PI).

3) The purpose of setting up test tube B is to prove that glucose is not a direct energy supply substance, and thus to prove that a substance is a direct energy supply substance for life activity energy

Explanation: Fireflies need ATP to power their luminescence, and from this point of view, the topic is simple.

31 The shuttle vector replicates in both bacteria and yeast, so it contains both bacterial and yeast replication initiation regions.

32 The secondary structure of DNA is usually B, there is no doubt about it.

33 I don't know much about ......Cellular organisms don't look good. The chemokine is supposed to be related to cell signaling. Since AIDS should never be used, it is a good idea to let the cells never be infected.

34 Cancer is a genetic disease, which is caused by alterations in the genetic material of somatic cells and is not passed on to the next generation.

35 It can be selected by elimination, C D is definitely wrong, and A is not good. B makes sense.

36 I don't know ......It's easy to guess ...... though

37 A option of GFP you may not be familiar with, GFP always know it......That's it.

38 a1 1 1 1 1 ratio, normal, not interchangeable, the kind that high school students do. b, the chain is not interchangeable, it is two kinds of gametes. d, interlinked and interchanged, new shapes appeared, and the data used in Morgan's fruit fly experiment was 42:8......

d The rightmost cell does not have homologous chromosomes, which are morphologically identical and are not formed by two chromatids separated. The rightmost cell is formed by the separation of monosomes and is therefore not homologous chromosomes.

1 Cell body: A neuron is divided into two parts, a cell body and a protrusion, and the enlarged part is called the cell body.

The two bulkings in the diagram are the two cell bodies (the last diagram).

2 Absorption of glucose by small intestinal epithelial cells: A certain substance can be transported across the membrane against the concentration difference, but its energy is not provided by the breakdown of ATP, but by the high potential energy caused by the active transport of other substances, this transport mode is called secondary active transport.

Glucose uptake by renal epithelial cells: Primary active transport refers to the process by which cells directly use the energy produced by metabolism to transport substances (usually charged ions) across the membrane against a concentration gradient or potential gradient.

3 Specific identification refers to the identification of specificity.

For example, hepatitis B antibodies only work against the hepatitis B virus. Does not work against other viruses. This is called specific recognition.

Phagocytic cells can engulf many foreign bacteria and viruses. Not specific. So it's not a specific recognition.

Phagosomes are able to distinguish between their own matter and foreign matter. In other words, it recognizes a wide range of antigens.

Specific identification: When talking about the immune system, there is a lecture, compulsory 3

Specificity: The phenomenon in which an organism has certain characteristics that other organisms do not have.

Identification of specificity: There is a prize when talking about enzymes, compulsory 1

Specificity: The selectivity expressed when some molecules interact with each other. Almost all bioactive molecules have specificity.

Such as: the type and number of agents that the enzyme binds to, as well as the degree of selection of the speed and degree of the enzymatic reaction; the type and number of antigens to which the antibody binds and the speed and degree of response to the antigen and antibody; Selectivity of membranes or membrane components for the type and degree of permeability of their effects across the membrane in mediated transport.

4. Glomerulitis: The glomeruli is equivalent to a semi-permeable membrane, under normal circumstances, most of the proteins in the blood cannot be filtered and remain in the blood, only small molecules such as urea, glucose, electrolytes and some small molecule proteins can be filtered. In people with glomerulonephritis, the permeability of the semipermeable membrane changes.

The loss of filtering allows the macromolecules (plasma proteins) in the blood to escape. into the urine. Proteinuria develops.

Urine glucose: When the normal flow from the blood through the kidneys, the glucose in it is filtered into the renal tubules through the glomeruli, and the vast majority of the glucose in the renal tubules is reabsorbed into human blood, and there is only a trace of glucose in the urine, and only 32 93 mg of glucose is excreted every day, which cannot be detected by ordinary methods, and can be said to be sugar-free. However, the renal tubule has a limit on the reabsorption of glucose, when the blood exceeds a certain value of 90, the glucose in the glomerular filtrate cannot be fully reabsorbed by the renal tubules, and the remaining part is excreted with the urine to form urine glucose, which is generally excreted more than 150 mg per day.

The higher the blood glucose, the more glucose in the urine, and the lowest blood glucose level that can cause diabetes is called the renal sugar mass. Glycosuria occurs when blood glucose is higher than this, and no glycosuria occurs when it is below this value.

5 Transamination: that is, non-amino acid substances are converted into non-essential amino acids through substances (essential amino acids cannot be converted).