Definitions and examples of some biological terms with the help of a master

General Biology is described in detail in the textbook.

1;Protein coefficient.

It consists of many amino acids through peptide bonds.

The high polarity and non-polarity of the linkage formation are closely related to the formation of the spatial structure of the protein.

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Non-polar amino acid r-:

Aliphatic, aromatic, etc. non-polar.

It can be expressed in terms of settlement coefficient. 1s=1×10-13s

Second, the dissociation of the sexes and the isoelectric point:

Isoelectric point of protein.

2;Full enzymes. Catalytically active enzymes, including all essential subunits, prosthetic groups, and other cofactors. The main enzyme is combined with the coenzyme to become the holoenzyme.

3;tm value.

The melting temperature of DNA refers to the temperature at which the double helix structure of DNA is degraded by half. Different sequences of DNA, TM values are different. The higher the GC content in the DNA, the higher the TM value, which is directly proportional.

4;Isoelectric point.

In the amino acid solution, there is the following equilibrium, in a certain pH solution, the number of positive ions and negative ions are equal and the concentration is low, while the dipole concentration is the highest, at this time, the electrolysis exists in the form of dipole ions, and the amino acids do not move. The pH of the solution is the isoelectric point of the amino acid.

5;km value.

It is generally the size of a specific quantity represented by a number multiplied by a unit of measurement.

Quantities that cannot be multiplied by a number by a unit of measurement may be expressed by reference to an agreed reference scale, or by reference to a measurement procedure, or both.

6;Codon.

Each of the three adjacent nucleotides in an mRNA molecule is grouped together to represent an amino acid in protein synthesis.

7;Semi-reserved replication.

A replication model of double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in which each single strand serves as a template for the synthesis of the new strand after the parental double-strand is separated. Thus, when replication is complete, there will be two daughter DNA molecules, each with the same nucleotide sequence as the parent molecule.

8;Tricarboxylic acid cycle.

Citric acid with three carboxyl groups is condensed from acetyl Coa and oxaloacetic acid, and citric acid is repeatedly oxidized and decarboxylated by a series of reactions

succinic acid, which is then degraded into oxaloacetate. The three carbon atoms of pyruvate involved in this cycle, each cycle, use only two carbon units in one molecule of acetyl group, and finally produce two molecules of CO2

and release a lot of energy.

9;Gluconeogenesis.

The process of converting from simple non-sugar precursors (lactic acid, glycerol, sugar-producing amino acids, etc.) to sugars (glucose or glycogen). Gluconeogenesis is not a simple reversal of glycolysis.

10;Respiratory chain.

The respiratory chain, also known as the electron transport chain, is a system composed of a series of electron carriers that transfer electrons from NADH or FADH2 to oxygen.

1 In the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells or bacteria, the energy released when the substance is oxidized in the body is used for the coupling reaction between ADP and inorganic phosphorus to synthesize ATP.

2 DNA denaturation refers to the breaking of the hydrogen bonds of the double helix base pair of nucleic acids, and the double strand becomes a single strand, thus changing the natural conformation and properties of the nucleic acid.

3 Non-polar molecules that occur through the mutual repulsion of hydrophobic groups and water have a tendency to avoid water and aggregate with each other in the aqueous environment.

4 Proteins are net charged due to the presence of ionized side chains on the protein surface. For each protein, there is a pH that makes its surface net charge zero, i.e., the isoelectric point. Abbreviated as PI

5 The specific spatial conformation of proteins is changed under the action of certain physical and chemical factors, resulting in the change of their physical and chemical properties and the loss of biological activity, a phenomenon called protein denaturation.

6 RNA molecules with catalytic functions are biocatalysts. Ribozyme is also known as nuclease, enzyme RNA, ribozyme enzyme RNA.

7 In living organisms, hydrogen and electrons removed from metabolites are oxidized to synthesize water through a series of enzymatic reactions and release energy. It also refers to a series of oxidation processes of substances in living organisms. It mainly provides the body with available energy.

8 The process of decomposition of glucose or glycogen into lactic acid in the absence of oxygen, accompanied by the production of a small amount of ATP.

9 The process of conversion from non-sugar substances to glucose and glycogen is called gluconeogenesis. Under normal conditions, it is mainly carried out within the liver.

10 Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), a cofactor of enzymes, is a coenzyme form of vitamin B1 and participates in the transaldehyde reaction. As a cofactor of pyruvate dehydrogenase and ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, it plays a role in ketoate decarboxylation reaction.

1.The change of optical rotation of a photo-rotating substance in a newly prepared solution.

2.The optical rotation substance is the energy in which the polarization plane of polarized light rotates.

3.Aldose is a product that oxidizes only the primary alcohol group but not the aldehyde group under a special enzyme.

Chinese name: Biochemistry.

Product Name: Biochemistry

Other names: Biochem.

Definition: A discipline that uses the principles and methods of chemistry to study the phenomena of life. By studying the chemical composition, metabolism, nutrition, enzyme function, genetic information transmission, biofilms, cell structure, and molecular diseases of organisms, life phenomena are elucidated.

The biological nouns are explained as follows:

1. Molecular biology: It is a science that studies life phenomena, the essence of life, life activities and their laws from the molecular level.

2. Medical molecular biology: It is an important branch of molecular biology and an emerging interdisciplinary discipline. It is a science that studies the life activities and laws of the human body in normal and disease states from the molecular level, and carries out the prevention, diagnosis and research of human diseases from the molecular level.

3. Enzyme engineering: In the past, enzyme preparations were mainly extracted and prepared from various materials through biochemical methods. At present, genetic engineering technology is mainly used to produce enzyme preparations.

4. Protein engineering: In the past, chemical methods were mainly used to modify the structure of purified proteins to prepare proteins with specific functions. At present, genetic engineering technology is mainly applied to modify the structure of the target gene to express proteins of different structures in recipient cells.

5. Microbial engineering: also known as fermentation engineering, is a technology that uses the specific characteristics of microorganisms to produce useful substances or directly use them in industrial production.

7. CG islands: There are some clustered and stable unmethylated CGs in the whole genome, which are called CG islands.

8. Messenger RNA: Among the RNA molecules transcribed from DNA molecules, there is a class that can be used as a template for protein biosynthesis, called messenger RNA.

The biological nouns are explained as follows:

Ecosystem: It is a natural system that interacts with each other in a certain space and time, between various organisms and between organisms and inorganic environments, through energy flow and material circulation.

Statement: 1. The largest ecosystem on Earth is the biosphere.

2. Types of ecosystems: Ecosystems on the earth can be divided into two categories: terrestrial ecosystems and aquatic ecosystems. In terrestrial ecosystems, they are divided into forest ecosystems, grassland ecosystems, farmland ecosystems and other types.

In the aquatic ecosystem, it is further divided into marine ecosystem and freshwater ecosystem.

3. Forest ecosystem: humid or relatively humid areas; There are many species, mainly trees, arboreal climbing animals, stable population density, complex and stable community structure.

4. Grassland ecosystem: areas with low annual precipitation; There are few species, the plants are mainly herbaceous, there are many running or burrowing animals, the population density is changeable, and the community structure is generally unstable.

5. Agro-ecosystems: crop growing areas; There are few crop types, large population density, single and unstable community structure, and plants are mainly crops, and the human effect is prominent.

6. Marine ecosystem: the whole ocean, with many types and different distributions; Microphytoplankton are the mainstay, there are macroalgae, all kinds of animals are concentrated in the water layer above 200m, and the benthic animals have special adaptability.

7. Freshwater ecosystems: aquatic and swamp plants in the shallow water area, and phytoplankton in the surface layer of the deep water area, mainly including zooplankton, fish and benthic animals.