The relationship between commercial profits, bank profits, capitalist rent, and average profits

Commercial profit is the transformation form of the part of surplus value that the commercial capitalist divides up from the surplus value exploited by the industrial capitalist, and commercial capital, as an independent form of capital alongside industrial capital, should also obtain the same average profit as industrial capital. Since the circulation stage of industrial capital, like the production stage, is an indispensable stage in the formation of the process of reproduction, commercial capital must provide the same average annual profit as the capital that performs functions in the different branches of production. If the commercial profit is lower than the average profit, the capital in the commercial sector is transferred to the productive sector, and conversely, the capital in the productive sector is transferred to the commercial sector.

It is the competition between commercial and industrial capitalists and the transfer of capital that leads to the equalization of interests, thus forming a uniform average profit of commercial and industrial capital. Therefore, commercial profits are also average profits, and the amount of commercial profits is also governed by the law of average profit margins.

The profits made by the capitalist from running the bank are called bank profits. Bank profits are equal to average profits in quantity, and if the bank capitalist does not get the average profit, he will transfer his capital to the industrial or commercial sectors. The result of the competition is that the bank capitalists receive an average profit on their own capital.

Bankers make profits by lending to industrial and commercial capitalists, and thus participate in the division of surplus value.

Capitalist rent is the portion of surplus value that is paid to the landowner by the leased agricultural capitalist in excess of the average profit for the right to use the land. Since agriculture is run in a capitalist way, the law of the average rate of profit also works here, and if the surplus value obtained by the agricultural capitalist is less than the average profit, he does not invest in agriculture but transfers his capital to other industries.

It can be seen from this that the formation of average profits is the result of competition between various departments for higher rates of profit, according to the formula: average rate of profit = total social surplus value total social advance capital, average profit = advance capital x average rate of profit, it can be seen that average profit, in turn, plays an important regulating role in the formation of commercial profits, bank profits, and capitalist rent. Generally speaking, commercial profits, bank profits, and capitalist land rent and average profits are inseparable wholes, which together form the system of distribution of surplus value among the various exploiting groups in capitalist society.

Upstairs, isn't it Lu? This is the rumored horse politics and economics test question.

The first of capitalist commercial profits is the surplus value created by industrial workers.

The reason why the industrial capitalists want to transfer a part of the surplus value to the commercial capitalists is because the services provided by the commercial capitalists to the industrial capitalists enable the industrial capitalists to obtain more surplus value, and therefore the industrial capitalists must and are willing to transfer a part of the exploited surplus value to the commercial capitalists, which is more advantageous than doing business themselves. Therefore, the industrial capitalist gives the commodity ** to the commercial capitalist according to the ** below the production **, and the commercial capitalist sells the commodity according to the production **, so that the commercial capitalist receives the part of the surplus value transferred by the industrial capitalist to it. Commercial capitalists receive roughly the same average profits as industrial capitalists.

The basic ideas of the theory of surplus value are as follows:

1. After the capitalist pays wages to the workers and buys the labor power of the workers, he forces the workers to work for a long time, and the money is thus converted into capital;

2. The capitalist's total capital is divided into two parts, one part is used to purchase the labor power of the workers, called variable capital, the amount of value of which is variable in the process of production and can be increased by the labor of the workers; The other part is used to purchase machinery and equipment, raw materials, fuel, etc., which is called constant capital, and its value is constant in the production process, but the original value is transferred to new products;

3. The total working time of workers is divided into two parts, one part is called necessary labor time, which is used to reproduce the value of labor power of workers, and the other part is called surplus labor time, which is used to create new value;

4. The new value created by workers in the surplus labor time is called surplus value;

5. Surplus value is originally the product of the workers' labor and should belong to the workers, but it is monopolized by the capitalists without compensation by virtue of their ownership of the enterprise, which is the secret of the capitalists exploiting the workers to get rich;

6. Profits, interest, ground rent, and the income of workers in non-industrial sectors such as commerce, transportation, finance, insurance, and service industries are all converted from the surplus value created by workers in the industrial sector.

(1) Commercial profits are the profits obtained by commercial capitalists engaged in commercial business activities, and their profits are the surplus value created by workers in the industrial sector.

2) The reason why the industrial capitalist wants to transfer a part of the surplus value to the commercial capitalist is because the service provided by the commercial capitalist to the industrial capitalist enables the industrial capitalist to obtain more surplus value, so the industrial capitalist must and is willing to transfer a part of the exploited surplus value to the commercial capitalist, which is more advantageous than his own business. Therefore, the industrial capitalist gives the commodity ** to the commercial capitalist according to the ** below the production **, and the commercial capitalist sells the commodity according to the production **, so that the commercial capitalist receives the part of the surplus value transferred to him by the industrial capitalist. Commercial capitalists receive roughly the same average profits as industrial capitalists.

Answer]: B The profits of capitalist banks are quite numerical in their value compared to the average profits made by the banks and the capitalists of their own capital. The answer is B(P253).

Profits, average profits, business profits, interest dividends, bank profits, ground rent, represent the form of transformation of surplus value. It reflects the relationship between the various groups of the capitalist class and the large landowners and the division of surplus value created by the division of labor, the relationship between the various groups of the capitalist class and the large landowners and the working class, and the relationship between the various exploiting groups. Second, profits, average profits, commercial profits, interest, and rent are all superficial forms of concealing the real surplus value.

Surplus value is a product of variable capital and reflects the exploitative relations of the capitalist towards the workers. Profit is expressed as the product of all the advance capital, thus obscuring the essence of the use of the labour power purchased by variable capital to create surplus value, and the exploitation of the workers by the capitalists. However, the amount of profit and surplus value is still equal.

Profits are converted into average profits, and the average profits and surplus value obtained by the capitalists in the various sectors are inconsistent in quantity, as if the amount of profits is determined by the amount of capital invested, and not by the amount of labor invested, thus creating the illusion that profits are entirely produced by capital. Therefore, the formation of average profits further conceals the real existence of surplus value and further conceals the relations of capitalist exploitation. Commercial profits seem to say that the profits obtained by commercial capital or family are generated by the circulation field, and it seems that the circulation field also creates a cover to dismantle the surplus value, thus further concealing the real surplus value.

Interest is manifested as the product of the ownership of capital, as the natural fruit of capital itself, which conceals the fact that interest is also the surplus value created by the working class, and is the essence of a special form of transformation of surplus value.

The rate of profit of a capitalist bank should be judged by the average rate of profit.

a.Higher than. b.Below.

c.Quite a number of cherry punches at the head of the spine.

d.Nothing about.

Correct answer: c

Answer] The source of :d commercial profits is the surplus value created by the workers in the potato industry. Commercial profits are an implicit part of the surplus value created by industrial workers that is ceded to commodity capital by industrial capitalists.

a.The average profit void rate of society is poorly closed.

b.The profit margin of a monopoly.

c.The bank's interest rate on deposits.

d.The interest rate of the bank's loan.

Correct Answer: a

Answer]: False. The purpose of the capitalist who invests in business is to make commercial profits.

The amount of commercial profit is determined by the competition between the commercial capitalist and the industrial capitalist, and it is generally not less than the average profit. If the average level of profit is not reached, the commercial capitalist will transfer capital to the industrial sector that can obtain the average profit, and then the commercial capital will be reduced. As a result, the industrial capitalists had difficulty in selling their commodities and had to give the commercial capitalists more profits.

But if commercial profits are often higher than average profits, some industrial capital will be diverted into the commercial sector, thus forcing commercial profits to fall. As a result of the competition, the business profit can be very good and maintain the level of average profit.