Do plants have intraspecific mutual aid behaviors?

Interspecific mutual assistance includes mutualistic symbiosis and symbiosis and symbiosis: two organisms live together, depend on each other, and benefit each other, such as leguminous plants and rhizobia, certain bacteria in the human gut and humans; Cohabitation: Two organisms live together in a way that is beneficial to one and harmless to the other, or beneficial to both and can live independently after separation.

For example, some plants cling to large trees, sea anemones, hermit crabs, etc. Intraspecific mutuality: The phenomenon in which individuals or populations of organisms of the same species cooperate with each other in the course of life to maintain survival.

The social lifestyle of many animals is a common phenomenon of intraspecific mutual aid. There are two main types of social lifestyles: ants, bees and other social insects live in groups, where there is a clear division of labor between individuals, and at the same time, they work together to maintain the survival of the group; Different from social insects, some insects (such as locusts), fish, birds, mammals and other animals live in groups, and there is no clear division of labor between individuals, gathering in groups in a certain area and roaming along a certain path, so that the population is evenly distributed in the area suitable for habitation.

The social life of animals is conducive to predation and protection against enemies. The picture below shows adult musk oxen forming a circle to create a protective barrier for the calves squeezed behind them. <>

Probiotics in the human and intestinal tract are interspecific mutual assistance Human provides food to bacteria** Bacteria help human digestion Wolves, lions, and ant colonies work together to forage for food.

Intraspecific mutual aid is the act of mutual help between individuals in order to promote racial continuity. Intraspecific struggle is the act of fighting between individuals in order to facilitate the survival and reproduction of individuals.

Intraspecific mutual aid is the object of mutual assistance is the same species, such as bees and bees helping each other;

The object of interspecific mutual assistance is between different species, such as legumes and rhizobia.

The biggest difference between "intraspecific mutual aid" and "interspecific mutual assistance" is whether two organisms are of the same species or different species.

Intraspecific mutual aid: refers to the fact that organisms of the same type help each other, such as a nest of ants looking for food together.

Interspecific mutual aid: refers to different types of creatures helping each other, such as toothpicks and birds helping a crocodile pick its teeth, and the crocodile protecting and providing food to it.

In fact, interspecific mutual aid should include symbiosis. However, in some secondary school textbooks, the two are not separated.

Interspecific mutual aid refers to the phenomenon of different organisms living together in a certain environment, where one party benefits the other.

Symbiosis: It also includes mutual benefit symbiosis and partial benefit symbiosis. Mutual benefit and symbiosis are beneficial to both, and harmony leads to common prosperity and division leads to mutual loss. Symbiosis is beneficial to one party and harmless to the other.

Mutually beneficial symbiosis: two organisms live together, depend on each other, and benefit each other, such as leguminous plants and rhizobia, certain bacteria in the human intestine and people, once separated, at least one of them does not grow well and cannot survive.

Interspecific mutual assistance: Two species can survive separately by helping each other for a common purpose.

The main difference is the distance of the living environment. This can be seen in the example of lichens.

Intraspecific relationships in organisms include density effects, animal and plant sexuality (sex systems in plants and mating systems in animals), domain behaviors, social hierarchies, communication behaviors, and altruistic behaviors. It also includes intraspecific mutual aid and intraspecific struggle.

There are four types of interspecific relationships: competition, predation, parasitism and preference.

The relationship between living things and the environment is very close. On the one hand, the life activities of organisms depend on the environment to obtain materials and energy, information and habitats, and organisms cannot do without the environment; On the other hand, the life activities of organisms constantly change the existence of the environment, affect the development and change of the environment, and organisms transform the environment. Organisms and the environment are an inseparable whole.

Intraspecific relationships of organisms.

There are density effects, animal and plant behaviors, domain behaviors, social hierarchies, communication behaviors, and altruistic behaviors.

Interspecific relationships include parasitism, symbiosis, competition, predation.

Intraspecific relationships: 1. Density effect.

A large number of experimental studies have revealed various mechanisms of the density effect. For example, when a pair of fruit flies are placed in a bottle and given a certain amount of food, the number of offspring increases rapidly at first and soon reaches a certain limit. However, when many fruit ropes are placed in the same bottle, the number of offspring produced by each pair of flies will be inversely proportional to the density of the flies in the bottle.

2. Animal and plant sexuality.

The mating system is one of the important research contents of animal behavioral ecology. In the long process of evolution, in addition to adapting to the environment in terms of morphological anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and genetics, animals also produced behaviors adapted to the environment, among which social behaviors such as marriage system, parental behavior, aggression and friendly behavior fully demonstrated the adaptability of animals to a specific environment in the community.

3. Domain Conduct.

A territory is a space that is selectively occupied by an animal or a particular group of animals and guarded and defended to the exclusion of individuals or groups of people of the same kind. The act of an animal occupying and defending a territory is called a domain act. Domain behavior actually plays a role in reducing the fighting between animals of the same species, and it is of great practical significance for controlling population density, promoting population stability, and inhibiting aggressiveness.

Fourth, social hierarchy.

Social hierarchies are fairly common in the animal kingdom and include many fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Through research, some general patterns have been obtained. Dominant individuals of higher status are usually subordinate individuals of lower status who are strong, heavy, sexually mature, and experienced in fighting.

The physiological basis for this is the presence of higher concentrations of the male hormone (testosterone) in the blood.

5. Acts of Communication.

No animal lives in isolation in nature, they always form a small living group. Although some prefer to be alone, at least they need to be in contact with the opposite sex when mating. In the process of contact, their chirping, touching each other, and even the release of some chemicals make them communicate with each other and act in unison, that is, there is a communication behavior between animals.

6. Altruistic behavior.

Altruistic behavior is another social interaction. Altruistic behavior refers to the act of sacrificing oneself for the benefit of the community as a whole or for other individuals. There are many examples of altruistic behavior, especially social insects.

When termite nests are opened, workers and larvae move inward, while soldier ants move outward to close the gap, showing the altruistic behavior of a "brave" colony defender.

"Interspecific relationship" refers to the relationship between two species, including: predation, competition, parasitism and mutual-beneficial symbiosis.

"Intraspecific relationship" refers to the relationship within the same species, including: intraspecific mutual assistance and intraspecific struggle relationship.

Intraspecific relations mainly consider intraspecific mutual assistance and intraspecific struggles.

Interspecific relationships mainly consider competition, predation, symbiosis, and parasitism.

First of all, species will reproduce uncontrollably in a favorable environment, and the population will rise sharply, and because of the change or unfavorable external conditions, there will be environmental resistance, which will produce natural selection, survival of the fittest, and retain favorable individuals, and the population itself is not "honest", the expansion of the population will inevitably lead to the decline of food, space, and mates, and it will return to competition and continue to eliminate unfavorable individuals.

Therefore, the essence of the population is not intraspecific mutual assistance - although it exists, but it is not long-lasting, competition is the essence of the population, and it is also the necessity of evolution: to eliminate the inferior individuals and retain the beneficial ones.

Species can continue.

The natural environment is constantly changing, and in order for a population to adapt to environmental changes, it is inevitable that the fittest will survive and the unfit will die through intraspecific struggles. Intraspecific mutual assistance is not the key to species conservation.

The individual population competes to keep the good individuals alive

Choose A... Intraspecific mutual aid, as the name suggests, refers to the mutual help of individuals within a population, such as:

The functions of queen bees, drones, and worker bees are different, but the division of labor and cooperation are conducive to the survival and reproduction of bee colonies.

Examples of ants, termites, locusts, fish, birds, herbivorous mammals, etc., further clarify that intraspecific mutual aid is a form of intraspecific relationship, and that intraspecific mutual aid is divided into two main types: "social" and "non-social" swarming.

And the intraspecific struggle will eliminate the old, weak, sick and disabled individuals within the population, so that the whole population will develop in the direction of health and high energy... How can a population without intraspecific struggle be eliminated and retained? How to keep updating and evolve in a good direction?

According to Darwin's theory of biological evolution, intraspecific struggle and intraspecific mutual assistance are both beneficial to the survival of species within a population, and have positive significance for the survival of species within a population!!